A kinetic study of methane conversion by a dinitrogen microwave plasma

Conversion of CH₄ with a N₂ microwave plasma (2.45 GHz) is studied. The experiments cover the absorbed microwave power range 300–700 W with 17–62% of methane in the gas mixture, with pressures of 10–40 mbar and flow rates of 140–650 ml· min^{–1}. The yields of C₂ hydrocarbons and dihydrogen are analyzed by gas chromatography. The distance of methane addition downstream of the plasma plays an important role on the composition and the concentration of the products obtained. This distance mainly determines the energy concentrated in the active species of the plasma when they react with methane. Different behaviors for acetylene formation, on the one hand, and for ethane and ethene formation, on the other hand, have been observed, and this finding allows us to propose a kinetic mechanism for the decay of methane and for the formation of C₂ hydrocarbons.     

Synthesis of 11C-amides using [11C]carbon monoxide and in situ activated amines by palladium-mediated carboxaminations

[11C]Carbon monoxide at low concentrations, aryl halides and amines were used in the palladium-mediated synthesis of twenty 11C-amides. In the study several approaches to improve the radiochemical yield were explored. Eight of the selected amides were prepared by in situ activation of the amines using lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide and the radiochemical yields of these reactions were improved compared to utilising a previous reported method. In the synthesis of 1-[carbonyl-11C]benzoyl-3-methyl-1H-indole (11) from 3-methyl-1H-indole (25), the corresponding organotin-amine was prepared prior to the acylation reaction. In a typical experiment, N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)[carbonyl-11C]acetamide (5) was prepared in 15% radiochemical yield using 4-aminophenol (20) but the yield increased to 63% when the amine was activated by lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide.     

Differential pulse polarographic determination of salicylaldehyde as its Girard-P derivative

A method for the determination of salicylaldehyde (2 × 10^{–6}–10^{–4} M) by differential-pulse polarography, based on the in situ formation of its Girard-P derivative in aqueous solution at pH 2.5, is proposed. The relative standard deviation was 1.5% (ten determinations of 4 × 10^{–5} M level). The applicability of this method was checked in synthetic samples containing salicyl alcohol,o-aminophenol, 2-methylphenol, salicylic acid and 4-aminobenzoic acid.     

Photoinduced electron transfer in platinum(II) terpyridinyl acetylide complexes connected to a porphyrin unit

A series of six new dyads consisting of a zinc or magnesium porphyrin appended to a platinum terpyridine acetylide complex via a para-phenylene bisacetylene spacer are described. Different substituents on the 4' position of the terpyridinyl ligand were explored (OC7H15, PO3Et2, and H). The ground-state electronic properties of the dyads are studied by electronic absorption spectroscopy and electrochemistry, and they indicate some electronic interactions between the porphyrin subunit and the platinum complex. The photophysical properties of these dyads were investigated by steady-state, time-resolved, and femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy in N,N-dimethylformamide solution. Excitation of the porphyrin unit leads to a very rapid electron transfer (2-20 ps) to the nearby platinum complex followed by an ultrafast charge recombination, thus preventing any observation of the charge separated state. The variation in the rate of the photoinduced electron transfer in the series of dyads is consistent with Marcus theory. The results underscore the potential of the para-phenylene bisacetylene bridge to mediate a rapid electron transfer over a long donor-acceptor distance.     

Oxygen-17 nuclear magnetic resonance: The effects of remote unsaturation on 17o-chemical shifts in polycyclic ethers

Natural-abundance ¹⁷O-NMR spectra of 7-oxanorbornane exo-3-oxatricyclo [3.2.1.0^2.4]octane and their unsaturated derivatives (m>endom> cyclic and m>exocyclicm> double bonds) have been measured. Linear correlation laws were observed for <math><mtext>δmtext><msub><mi>mi><mn>omn>msub><mtext>δmtext><msub><mi>mi><mn>cmn>msub>math> of these ethers/corresponding hydrocarbons. The “cyclization shifts” for δ_o in ethers were not correlated by the “cyclization shifts” for δ_c of the corresponding hydrocarbons.     

Development of a quick leaching test for monolithic materials by using factorial design

A quick leaching test procedure for monolithic waste materials has been developed by a Nordic expert group using experimental factorial design. The Dutch quick leaching test proposal in which the wetting time of the test specimen is reduced by applying vacuum was chosen as a starting point. The influence of the following parameters were studied: vacuum, stirring, open or closed vessel, water renewal frequency, leachant quality and laboratory or batch differences. The study was performed with test specimens prepared from a cement stabilised soil containing As, Cr and Cu. The test specimens were immersed in water and the water was renewed at certain time intervals. The study clearly showed that the use of vacuum had a strong effect on the release rate and that the open vessel lowered the pH-values of the eluates due to uptake of carbon dioxide in the water. The results also indicate higher emissions when stirring was applied. The following test conditions are recommended: application of vacuum prior to testing, use of closed test vessel, use of stirring, a test time of 3 days with four water renewals after 15 min vacuum steps, and then after e.g. 2 h, 23 h and 3.2 days, use of demineralised water as leachant. The amount of water must be selected according to the size of the test specimen. A liquid to surface (L/A) ratio of 5-10 ml cm(-2) is recommended. All four eluates collected are filtered and analysed.     

Analyse von Rutil-Anatas-Gemischen mittels diffuser Reflexionsmessungen

Zusammenfassung Pulvergemische von zwei verschiedenen Modifikationen eines Stoffes oder von zwei Pigmenten lassen sich mit Hilfe diffuser Reflexionsmessungen quantitativ analysieren, wenn die Reflexionsspektren sich in einem zug&amp;auml;nglichen Spektralgebiet gen&amp;uuml;gend stark unterscheiden. Die Methode wird am Beispiel der Titandioxyde Rutil und Anatas im einzelnen beschrieben.

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Summary Mixtures of two modifications of solid powdered material can be quantitatively analyzed by diffuse reflectance measurements, if the reflectance spectra are sufficiently different in some wavelength range. The method is described with the example of the titanium dioxides rutile and anatase.

     

Synthesis,characterization, and curing of hyperbranched allyl ether–maleate functional ester resins

A model two-step synthesis of a saturated hyperbranched hydroxyl-terminated ester has been developed to show a synthesis route. Three different series of hyperbranched esters with different terminations have been synthesized to relate some of their properties to their structures. This route has then been used to synthesize three different allyl ethermaleate functional hyperbranched ester resins in a two-step procedure. The resins have been characterized with respect to rheology, structure, and properties, and the differences are discussed. The allyl ether-maleate functional resins have also been studied with respect to curing performance and final film properties. © 1993 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.     

硼氢化钠水解制氢的研究

采用置换镀的方法在泡沫镍基体上获得不同载钌量的NaBH4水解制氢催化剂。实验结果表明，NaBH4水解制氢反应为零级反应，氢气生成速率随载钌量的增加而变快；当泡沫镍表面完全被钌覆盖时，载钌量为6%，相应的催化能力最强。与离子交换树脂载钌催化剂相比，泡沫镍载钌催化剂更稳定、耐用。实验还证实，30%比35%的NaBH4水溶液在相同的催化剂作用下更易发生水解反应；NaBH4水溶液中加入少量的NaOH有助于提高钌催化剂的催化性能。通过对NaBH4储氢体系的能量计算，说明采用该氢源体系的微型燃料电池的能量密度有望达到甚至超过锂离子电池的比能量水平。     

Synthesis and photophysics of one mononuclear Mn(III) and one dinuclear Mn(III,III) complex covalently linked to a ruthenium(II) tris(bipyridyl) complex

The preparation of donor (D)-photosensitizer (S) arrays, consisting of a manganese complex as D and a ruthenium tris(bipyridyl) complex as S has been pursued. Two new ruthenium complexes containing coordinating sites for one (2a) and two manganese ions (3a) were prepared in order to provide models for the donor side of photosystem II in green plants. The manganese coordinating site consists of bridging and terminal phenolate as well as terminal pyridyl ligands. The corresponding ruthenium-manganese complexes, a manganese monomer 2b and dimer 3b, were obtained. For the dimer 3b, our data suggest that intramolecular electron transfer from manganese to photogenerated ruthenium(III) is fast, k(ET) > 5 x 10(7) s(-)(1).