Information Bottleneck Classification in Extremely Distributed Systems

We present a new decentralized classification system based on a distributed architecture. This system consists of distributed nodes, each possessing their own datasets and computing modules, along with a centralized server, which provides probes to classification and aggregates the responses of nodes for a final decision. Each node, with access to its own training dataset of a given class, is trained based on an auto-encoder system consisting of a fixed data-independent encoder, a pre-trained quantizer and a class-dependent decoder. Hence, these auto-encoders are highly dependent on the class probability distribution for which the reconstruction distortion is minimized. Alternatively, when an encoding–quantizing–decoding node observes data from different distributions, unseen at training, there is a mismatch, and such a decoding is not optimal, leading to a significant increase of the reconstruction distortion. The final classification is performed at the centralized classifier that votes for the class with the minimum reconstruction distortion. In addition to the system applicability for applications facing big-data communication problems and or requiring private classification, the above distributed scheme creates a theoretical bridge to the information bottleneck principle. The proposed system demonstrates a very promising performance on basic datasets such as MNIST and FasionMNIST.     

Peroxysolvates of carbamide and sodium carbonate in the nucleophilic decomposition of paraoxon

The nucleophilic decomposition of paraoxon (4-nitrophenyl ester of diethylphosphoric acid) by the HOO⁻ anion generated from peroxysolvates of sodium carbamide and carbonate in aqueous, micellar, microemulsion, and water–ethanol media was studied. Feasibility was demonstrated for the use of solid sources of hydrogen peroxide in decontaminating nucleophilic systems.     

Synthesis of 4,4′-(arylmethylene)bis(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-ol) derivatives in water

An environmentally friendly and simple method for the synthesis of some 4,4′-(arylmethylene)bis(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-ol) derivatives via a one-pot pseudo five-component reaction of hydrazine hydrate, ethyl acetoacetate and aldehydes in water using pyridine trifluoroacetate or acetic acid at 70 °C is reported.     

Oxidation of methyl phenyl sulfide by carbamide peroxide in the presence of activators

The oxidation of methyl phenyl sulfide by carbamide peroxide in water and water–ethanol mixtures proceeds at the same rates as oxidation by hydrogen peroxide. In the presence of ammonium bicarbonate, the reaction proceeds through a pathway including HCO₄^- as a more active oxidizing agent than H₂O₂.     

Oxidation of Water to Molecular Oxygen by One-Electron Oxidants on Transition Metal Hydroxides

Surveyed in this review are the most important achievements in the research and development of catalysts based on Mn, Fe, Co, and Cu hydroxides for the oxidation of water to molecular oxygen by chemical oxidizing agents obtained, for the most part, at Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. An analysis of the results of kinetic studies on water oxidation in the presence of the above-menthioned catalysts together with data obtained by quantum chemistry methods allowed us to make a conclusion on the general nature and process mechanism both in the presence of artificial catalytic systems based on metal hydroxides and the natural enzyme photosystem II of green plants. The most important properties of hydroxo compounds responsible for catalytic activity in the oxidation of water by one-electron oxidants are discussed, and a possible reaction mechanism is considered.     

Stereoselective Synthesis of Methyl 15,16-Epoxypimarates

Methyl 15,16-epoxypimarates are stereoselectively obtained from 15-hydroxy-16-tosyl derivatives by an intramolecular substitution     

Residual stresses in biaxially fatigued austenitic stainless steel sample of cruciform geometry

A specifically designed cruciform-shaped austenitic stainless steel AISI 321 sample was subjected to ex-situ biaxial tension-compression cycling to establish ferromagnetic martensitic phase conversion under the action of plastic deformation. The time-of-flight neutron diffraction technique was employed for in-plane residual stress determination in this sample for both the austenitic and martensitic phases. The 2D data enabled determination of the macro-, micro-, hydro- and deviatoric contributions to the total phase stresses.     

Unidimensional Approximation of the Diffuse Electrical Layer in the Inner Volume of Solid Electrolyte Grains in the Absence of Background Ions

In this paper we continue working on our theory of electrical double layers resulting exclusively from dissociation of a solid electrolyte, which we previously proposed as a medium for catalytic interaction between solid cellulose and solid acid catalysts of hydrolysis. Two theoretical unidimensional models of the inner grain volume are considered: an infinitely long cylindrical pore, and a gel electrolyte near a grain outer surface. Despite the model simplicity, the predictions for the cylindrical pore case are in semi-quantitative agreement with literature data on electroosmotic experiments, adequately explaining high proton selectivity of sulfonic membranes, and decline of such selectivity at high background acid concentration. The gel model predicts less concentrated diffuse layer in comparison to electrolytes with impenetrable skeleton (e. g., sulfonated carbons). This suggests limited suitability of gel electrolytes as catalysts if a substrate cannot diffuse into the gel bulk and the reaction is thereby spatially limited to the near-surface region, for example if a substrate is solid like aforementioned cellulose.     

Transition-Metal-Free Carbon Isotope Exchange of Phenyl Acetic Acids

A transition-metal-free carbon isotope exchange procedure on phenyl acetic acids is described. Utilizing the universal precursor CO₂, this protocol allows the carbon isotope to be inserted into the carboxylic acid position, with no need of precursor synthesis. This procedure enabled the labeling of 15 pharmaceuticals and was compatible with carbon isotopes [¹⁴C] and [¹³C]. A proof of concept with [¹¹C] was also obtained with low molar activity valuable for distribution studies.