Influence of extraction methods on stability of flavonoids

The LC-MS/MS was applied for the determination of flavonoids' stability under four types of solvent extraction methods (reflux heating, sonication, maceration and microwave) from maize samples. The 11 flavonoids belong to different groups: flavonols (kaempferol, myricetin, rhamnetin, quercetin, rutin), flavanones (naringenin, naringin, hesperedin), flavones (apigenin, luteolin), isoflavones (genistein) were studied. The effect of the degradation of flavonoids depended on extraction mode and chemical structure. The smallest decomposition was observed by heated reflux extraction procedure within 30 min in water bath and by microwave assisted extraction under 160 W during 1 min. The decomposition for flavonoids depends on number of substituents in flavonoid molecule. The most unstable compound (recovery below 50%) in tested condition was myricetin. The higher number of hydroxyl groups promote degradation of flavonoids, whereas sugar moiety and methoxyl groups protect flavonoids of degradation during microwave and ultrasonic assisted extraction.     

Detection of processed genetically modified food using CIM monolithic columns for DNA isolation

The availability of sufficient quantities of DNA of adequate quality is crucial in polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods for genetically modified food detection. In this work, the suitability of anion-exchange CIM (Convective Interaction Media; BIA Separations, Ljubljana, Slovenia) monolithic columns for isolation of DNA from food was studied. Maize and its derivates corn meal and thermally pretreated corn meal were chosen as model food. Two commercially available CIM disk columns were tested: DEAE (diethylaminoethyl) and QA (quaternary amine). Preliminary separations were performed with standard solution of salmon DNA at different pH values and different NaCl concentrations in mobile phase. DEAE groups and pH 8 were chosen for further isolations of DNA from a complex matrix-food extract. The quality and quantity of isolated DNA were tested on agarose gel electrophoresis, with UV-scanning spectrophotometry, and by amplification with real-time PCR. DNA isolated in this way was of suitable quality for further PCR analyses. The described method is also applicable for DNA isolation from processed foods with decreased DNA content. Furthermore, it is more effective and less time-consuming in comparison with the existing proposed methods for isolation of DNA from plant-derived foods.     

倒伏胁迫下的玉米冠层结构特征变化与光谱响应解析

倒伏胁迫是玉米生产中的主要灾害之一,严重影响玉米的产量、品质和机械收获能力。解析不同倒伏胁迫强度下玉米冠层结构变化规律及其光谱响应机理,是玉米倒伏灾情大范围遥感监测的基础。分别在玉米抽雄期、灌浆中期设置茎倒、茎折、根倒3种强度的倒伏处理,基于田间多频次持续观测实验,分析生育期、倒伏类型对玉米冠层结构动态变化及其自我恢复能力的影响;采用传统光谱变换与连续小波变换方法对倒伏玉米冠层高光谱进行处理,选取叶面积密度（LAD）为玉米倒伏冠层结构特征指标,筛选叶面积密度最佳敏感波段和小波系数,基于随机森林法构建叶面积密度高光谱响应模型,利用未参与建模的实测样本验证模型精度,重点探讨小波分解尺度和光谱分辨率对LAD光谱响应能力的影响规律。研究结果表明：叶面积密度作为单位体积内叶面积总量的冠层结构表征指标,与倒伏胁迫强度具有较好的响应关系,灌浆期的倒伏玉米LAD普遍高于抽雄期,抽雄期LAD整体表现为茎折＞根倒＞茎倒＞未倒伏,灌浆期LAD整体表现为根倒＞茎折＞茎倒＞未倒伏;经连续小波变换后,玉米倒伏冠层光谱对玉米倒伏LAD的响应能力普遍优于传统光谱变换,随着小波分解尺度的增加,LAD与敏感波段的相关性越强,其中10尺度相关系数最高,达0.74;连续小波变换所构建的模型精度普遍优于传统光谱变换,其中由原始光谱小波变换后构建的LAD响应模型精度最高,检验样本的R2为0.811,RMSE为1.763,表明连续小波变换技术可凸显和利用冠层光谱中的细微信息。因此,叶面积密度可有效定量表征不同倒伏胁迫程度的玉米冠层结构变化特征,连续小波变换能有效提升冠层光谱对倒伏玉米结构变化的响应能力,基于随机森林法构建的倒伏玉米叶面积密度诊断模型具有较高的精度和稳定性,可为区域尺度的夏玉米倒伏灾情遥感监测提供先验知识。     

基于高光谱分析的玉米叶片氮含量分层诊断研究

为了明确不同生育时期进行玉米氮素营养诊断的叶片层位,建立准确稳健的玉米氮素营养诊断模型,以达到合理追施氮肥,提高氮肥利用率的目的。试验采用单因素盆栽试验设计,以玉米（郑单958）为研究对象,应用高光谱技术,分析了不同氮营养水平下不同生育时期不同层位玉米叶片的氮含量分布和变化规律及光谱响应特征;并依据叶片氮含量与光谱反射率的相关关系,叶片氮含量与全波段(400～2 000 nm)任意两两波段组合构建的比值光谱指数(RSI)的回归关系,初步确定了不同生育时期进行氮素营养高光谱诊断的目标叶片,筛选出最优的比值光谱指数,建立了叶片氮素含量估算模型。结果表明：玉米叶片氮含量：上层>中层>下层;随着玉米的生长,在低氮条件下上层叶片氮含量呈先减少后增加（追肥）再减少趋势,在高氮条件下呈减少趋势,中下层叶片氮含量呈递减趋势。六叶期下层玉米叶片光谱反射率敏感范围较大,相关性较强;九叶期和灌浆期上层玉米叶片的光谱反射率敏感范围较广,相关性较强;开花吐丝期中层叶片的光谱反射率敏感范围较大,相关性较强。六叶期选取下层叶作为诊断目标叶,选取最佳比值光谱指数RSI(1 811, 1 842)建立线性估算模型,九叶期和灌浆期选取上层叶片作为诊断目标叶,选取的最佳比值光谱指数分别为RSI(720, 557),RSI(600, 511)建立线性估算模型,开花吐丝期选取中层叶片作为诊断目标叶,选取比值光谱指数RSI(688, 644)建立线性估算模型。研究结果可为快速准确地利用光谱技术进行玉米叶片氮素营养诊断提供理论依据。     

高强高效近红外光源的不同光源强度对玉米杂交种鉴别的影响

以2009年产自海南的农华101玉米种子作为研究对象,基于近红外漫透射光谱法(波长范围908.1~1 677.2 nm),研究了一种高强高效近红外光源在不同光源电压以及光源至光谱仪不同距离两种条件下对玉米杂交种鉴别的影响。对光谱进行一阶导数、矢量归一化的预处理后,使用主成分分析(PCA)和正交线性判别分析(OLDA)提取光谱特征,使用支持向量机(SVM)分别建立种子纯度鉴定模型,统计不同实验条件下的识别率。结果表明,在电压较低或者光源至光谱仪的距离较大的时候,光源强度较低,得到的光谱曲线有较多的毛刺,此时的识别率较低,增大电压或者降低光源至光谱仪的距离时,光谱曲线变得较为平滑,识别率明显升高,说明在一定范围内增大光源强度会提高模型的正确鉴定率。     

Low-molecular weight protein profiling of genetically modified maize using fast liquid chromatography electrospray ionization and time-of-flight mass spectrometry

In this work, the use of liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOFMS) has been evaluated for the profiling of relatively low-molecular weight protein species in both genetically modified (GM) and non-GM maize. The proposed approach consisted of a straightforward sample fractionation with different water and ethanol-based buffer solutions followed by separation and detection of the protein species using liquid chromatography with a small particle size (1.8 μm) C(18) column and electrospray-time-of-flight mass spectrometry detection in the positive ionization mode. The fractionation of maize reference material containing different content of transgenic material (from 0 to 5% GM) led to five different fractions (albumins, globulins, zeins, zein-like glutelins, and glutelins), all of them containing different protein species (from 2 to 52 different species in each fraction). Some relevant differences in the quantity and types of protein species were observed in the different fractions of the reference material (with different GM contents) tested, thus revealing the potential use of the proposed approach for fast protein profiling and to detect tentative GMO markers in maize.     

近红外漫反射光谱法测定玉米秸秆NDF与ADF含量

应用主成分空间和傅里叶变换近红外光谱技术,采用偏最小二乘回归法(PLS),在国内首次建立了适合不同品种类型、不同生长发育时期和不同部位且适配范围广的近红外漫反射光谱(NIRS)测定玉米秸秆中性洗涤纤维(NeutralDetergentFiber,NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(AcidDetergentFiber,ADF)含量的稳定校正模型。结果表明,采用一阶导数 矢量归一化预处理和一阶导数 多元散射校正预处理,谱区均为7502～5450cm-1和4601～4247cm-1,所建立的NDF与ADF校正模型,其校正和预测效果最佳。其校正决定系数(R2cal)均大于094,交叉验证和外部验证决定系数(R2cv,R2val)为092～096,各项误差(RMSEE,RMSECV和RMSEP)为149%～181%。该结果对青贮玉米秸秆材料快速鉴定和筛选具有重要的意义。     

Dynamic covalent hydrazine chemistry as a selective extraction and cleanup technique for the quantification of the Fusarium mycotoxin zearalenone in edible oils

A novel, cost-efficient method for the analytical extraction of the Fusarium mycotoxin zearalenone (ZON) from edible oils by dynamic covalent hydrazine chemistry (DCHC) was developed and validated for its application with high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). ZON is extracted from the edible oil by hydrazone formation on a polymer resin functionalised with hydrazine groups and subsequently released by hydrolysis. Specifity and precision of this approach are superior to liquid partitioning or gel permeation chromatography (GPC). DCHC also extracts zearalanone (ZAN) but not α-/β-zearalenol or -zearalanol. The hydrodynamic properties of ZON, which were estimated using molecular simulation data, indicate that the compound is unaffected by nanofiltration through the resin pores and thus selectively extracted. The method's levels of detection and quantification are 10 and 30 μg/kg, using 0.2 g of sample. Linearity is given in the range of 10–20,000 μg/kg, the average recovery being 89%. Bias and relative standard deviations do not exceed 7%. In a sample survey of 44 commercial edible oils based on various agricultural commodities (maize, olives, nuts, seeds, etc.) ZON was detected in four maize oil samples, the average content in the positive samples being 99 μg/kg. The HPLC-FLD results were confirmed by HPLC–tandem mass spectrometry and compared to those obtained by a liquid partitioning based sample preparation procedure.     

运用光谱参数冠层覆盖度建立作物长势及氮营养状态模型

为了探索运用数码照片中光谱(红、绿、蓝)的像素计算得到的冠层覆盖度(canopy cover, CC)对玉米长势及氮素营养状态进行非破坏性监测的技术。通过获取玉米冠层的数码照片图像,定量化数码照片色彩参数与作物叶面积指数(leaf area index, LAI)、冠层干重(shoot dry matter weight, DM)、叶片氮素含量(leaf nitrogen content percentage, N%)之间的关系。试验于2012年和2013年在中国农业科学院试验田进行,运用基于Visual Basic Version 6.0研发的玉米冠层图像分析系统,分析了玉米品种中单909在3个氮素水平条件下分别于9叶展时期、抽雄期和灌浆期的CC、11种色彩指数与植株LAI,DM,N%及产量之间的相关性,并对相关性显著的指标进行了拟合与建模。结果表明,CC与LAI(r=0.93, p＜0.01),DM(r=0.94, p＜0.01),N%(r=0.82, p＜0.01)之间均达到了极显著水平;用CC估算LAI,DM和N%的模型均为幂函数,方程式分别是y=3.281 2x0.763 9,y=283.658 1x0.553 6,y=3.064 5x0.932 9;用与建模相独立的数据对模型验证,结果表明,CC估算LAI模型的实测值与模拟值基于1∶1直线的R2,RMSE和RE分别是0.996,0.035和1.46%;CC估算DM模型的R2,RMSE和RE分别是0.978,5.408 g和2.43%;CC估算N%模型的R2,RMSE和RE分别是0.990,0.054和2.62%。综上所述,模型能够较准确的通过CC估算不同氮肥水平条件下玉米9叶展时期、抽雄期和灌浆期的LAI,DM与N%,表明应用数码相机的光谱信息可实现对玉米生长过程中的生长状况及氮素营养状态进行实时无损快速监测与预测。     

鉴别玉米杂交种纯度的近红外光谱分析技术研究

以不同产地和年份的农华101(NH101)玉米杂交种和母本种子为对象,研究了鉴别玉米杂交种子纯度的近红外光谱分析方法。 光谱采集时间跨度达10个月,运用傅里叶变换(FT)近红外光谱仪器,在不同季节用23天(分五个时间段)采集了这些样品共920条玉米单子粒近红外漫反射光谱。 全部原始光谱用移动窗口平均、 一阶差分导数和矢量归一化进行预处理,使用主成分分析(PCA)方法和线性判别分析(LDA)方法降维,采用仿生模式识别(BPR)方法建立模型。 通过对光谱预处理校正光谱失真,使样品光谱集在特征空间分布的范围收缩,相对距离增大了近70倍,实现了母本和杂交种子的鉴别。 通过代表性样品的选择,提高了模型对光谱采集时间、 地点、 环境等条件变动的应变能力,也提高了模型对样品种子制种时间与地点变动的应变能力,增强了模型的稳健性,使测试集玉米单子粒杂交种和母本种子的平均正确识别率达到95%以上,而平均正确拒识率也达到85%以上。