Source/drain engineering for MOSFETs with embedded-Si:C technology

Embedded silicon carbon alloy (e-Si:C) technology for source and drain (S/D) is expected to improve nMOSFET drive current. The distribution and activation characteristics of arsenic in Si:C film and the interfacial solid-phase reaction of the Ni/Si:C system were studied with the aim of achieving the maximum improvement of the characteristics of e-Si:C S/D. It was clarified that the active carrier concentration of Si:C decreased with increasing carbon concentration compared to the control Si. There is concern that the low doping activation in Si:C increases series resistance of e-Si:C S/D nMOSFETs and degrades the performance gain expected from the strain effect.     

Secondary electron spectra of gold under bombardment by very low-energy positrons

Measurements of the secondary electron energy spectra resulting from very low-energy positron bombardment of a polycrystalline Au surface are presented. The low-energy part of the secondary spectra contain significant contributions from two processes: (1) annihilation-induced Auger electrons that have lost energy before leaving the surface and (2) secondary electrons resulting from direct energy exchange with an incident positron. Our data indicate that the second process (direct energy exchange with the primary positron) is still important at and below 3 eV incident beam energy. Since energy conservation precludes secondary electron generation below an incident beam energy equal to the difference between the electron and positron work functions (∼3 eV), the fact that we still observe significant secondary electron emission at energies at or below this value provides strong evidence that the incident positrons are falling directly into the surface state and transferring all of the energy difference to an outgoing secondary electron. These measurements were also used to obtain the first experimentally determined upper limit on the intensity of the spectrum of Auger-induced secondary electrons.     

Dissolution of synthetic and bovine bone-derived hydroxyapatites fabricated by hot-pressing

Dissolving behavior of hydroxyapatite (HA) ceramics prepared from bovine bone (BHA) was investigated and compared with synthetic HA. BHA power was obtained by calcining at 800 °C for 1 h to remove organics and then attritor-milling for 24 h. Synthetic HA and BHA powders were prepared by hot-pressing at 1000 °C for 0.5 h under the pressure of 30 MPa in Ar atmosphere. Sintered densities of the synthetic HA and the BHA were about 96% and 95%, respectively. The BHA consisted of mainly HA and small amount of magnesium oxide. Immersion test revealed that there was no clear evidence of dissolution for the BHA, whereas extensive dissolution on the surface of the synthetic HA occurred in buffered water. Accordingly, dense hydroxyapatite from bovine bone was more stable than synthetic HA in liquid environment.     

Cellular reactions of osteoblast-like cells to a novel nanocomposite membrane for guided bone regeneration

This study investigated the bioactivity and biocompatibility of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (n-HA)/Polyamide-66 (PA66) nanocomposite membrane and expanded-polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE) membrane (as control) to MG63 osteoblast-like cells. The attachment and proliferation of the cells on the porous surface of nHA/PA66 membrane and the surface of e-PTFE membrane were evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation and the MTT assay. The bioactivity of the cells on the surface of the two membranes was evaluated by testing cell viability and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities. The results suggested that the bioresponse of MG63 osteoblast-like cells on the porous surface of nHA/PA66 membrane was better than the bioresponse on the opposite surface of e-PTFE membrane. Because of a better cell attachment manner, there is a potential utilization of the guided bone regeneration (GBR) membrane to substitute nHA/PA66 membrane for e-PTFE membrane.     

Improving the bioactivity of NiTi shape memory alloy by heat and alkali treatment

TiO₂ films were formed on an NiTi alloy surface by heat treatment in air at 600 °C. Heat treated NiTi shape memory alloys were subsequently alkali treated with 1 M, 3 M and 5 M NaOH solutions respectively, to improve their bioactivity. Then treated NiTi samples were soaked in 1.5SBF to evaluate their in vitro performance. The results showed that the 3 M NaOH treatment is the most appropriate method. A large amount of apatite formed within 1 day's soaking in 1.5SBF, after 7 day's soaking TiO₂/HA composite layer formed on the NiTi surface. SEM, XRD, FT-IR and TEM results showed that the morphology and microstructure are similar to the human bone apatite.     

Enhanced corrosion resistance of Zr coating on biomedical TiNi alloy prepared by plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition

Zirconium film was prepared on TiNi alloy by plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition (PIIID) technique to enhance its corrosion resistance and prolong its working lifetime. The atomic force microscopy (AFM) results show that the film was relatively smooth with the root mean square roughness being 9.166 nm. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicate that the implant element of Zr was oxidation partialness. The potentiodynamic polarization measurements in the Hank's solution at 37 °C show that the corrosion resistance of the alloy was improved by the Zr coating film and the atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) tests also indicate that Ni ion concentration released from the substrate in the Hank's solution after the polarization test was reduced greatly, in comparison to the unmodified TiNi alloy sample.     

Quantum Fluids of Self-Assembled Chains of Polar Molecules at Finite Temperature

The finite temperature properties of self-assembled dipole chains of polar molecules in strongly confined pancake traps are investigated. The single-chain vibrations at finite temperature, which become important for long chains in a strongly interacting regime, are found to lower the transition temperature and to shift the chain distribution by less than 10%. We also propose experimental parameters to observe such quantum phase transition.     

Strong Band-Edge Emission from ZnS Quantum Dots Stabilized by Gum Arabic

ZnS quantum dots （QDs）, prepared by soft-condensation, exhibit robust structure of a quantum size equal 3.13 nm mediated two-dimensional gum Arabic surfactant as characterized by scan tunnelling microscope （STM）. Strong blue-shifted absorption and emission bands are depicted by optical characterization even for the sample stored under ambient condition for two weeks. These enhancements can be attributed to the completely passivated surface trap states by Gum Arabic.     

Ion-acoustic solitary waves in a dense pair-ion plasma containing degenerate electrons and positrons

Fully nonlinear propagation of ion-acoustic solitary waves in a collisionless dense/quantum electron–positron–ion plasma is investigated. The electrons and positrons are assumed to follow the Thomas–Fermi density distribution and the ions are described by the hydrodynamic equations. An energy balance-like equation involving a Sagdeev-type pseudo-potential is derived. Finite amplitude solutions are obtained numerically and their characteristics are discussed. The small-but finite-amplitude limit is also considered and an exact analytical solution is obtained. The present studies might be helpful to understand the excitation of nonlinear ion-acoustic solitary waves in a degenerate plasma such as in superdense white dwarfs.     

非傍轴矢量余弦-高斯光束两种光强表示的比较研究

从矢量瑞利-索末菲衍射积分公式出发,以非傍轴矢量余弦－高斯(CoG)光束为例,对非傍轴矢量光束的两种光强表示式,即传统光强公式和时间平均坡印廷矢量的z分量进行了比较研究.对非傍轴矢量CoG光束轴上和横向光强分布详细的数值计算和比较结果表明,两种光强表示式之间的相对误差η与w0/λ、z/λ和偏心参量b有关,其中w0,λ和z分别为束腰宽度,波长和传输距离.当偏心参量b较小,且束腰宽度与波长相比不很小时,例如,b≤0.8,w0/λ≥0.8,z/λ=10时,二者间的最大相对误差ηmax＜2%,传统光强公式可以使用.