On the form and formation of rubber particles in impact polystyrene and their relationship to natural and synthetic materials

Correlations are drawn between the morphological features of high-impact polystyrene (HIPS), bubble assemblies, adipose tissue, pith and foams. It is concluded that their morphological forms are the same and that similar interfacial tensile forces are responsible for the HIPS morphology as for the others. The synthesis of HIPS, from a solution of rubber in styrene, is discussed in terms of a phase diagram and it is concluded that the mechanism is consistent with the generation of that characteristic morphology throughout the sample in the absence of stirring and in resticted volume elements in the presence of stirring during polymerization of the styrene. An example is quoted of the generation of the same morphology in a blend prepared by mixing immiscible solutions of a homopolymer and a copolymer.     

第二讲激光尾波场加速中的准单能电子束的产生

自从激光尾波场加速电子方案提出以来，经过二十多年的理论和实验研究，人们在激光尾波场加速方面已经取得了重大进步，相继在电子束能量、电子单色性等束流性能上取得重大突破．特别是在2004年对电子束的单色性研究取得重大突破，国际上几个著名实验室相继报道了准单能电子束产生的实验观测，掀起了激光尾波场研究的新高潮．对于准单能电子束的产生机制，虽然尚未达成统一认识，但普遍认为空泡加速可能是其中非常重要的机制之一．文章介绍了激光尾波场的基本概念，着重介绍了单能电子束产生的空泡加速模式里的两个关键物理过程：波破和电子的自捕获，同时介绍国际上相关的一些重要实验结果和理论进展．     

Interaction of a Supersonic Turbulent Wake with Acoustic Disturbances

The effect of an external acoustic field on disturbances in a supersonic turbulent wake is investigated experimentally.     

Speculations on Nonlinear Speculative Bubbles

This paper reviews a variety of issues related to speculative bubbles, especially those involving nonlinear dynamics. Models of irrational bubbles, rational bubbles, and bubbles arising from heterogeneous agents with varying degrees of knowledge or rationality are examined. The latter are shown to be prone to nonlinear dynamics with catastrophic discontinuities, chaos, and other forms of complex phenomena. Empirical evidence regarding the existence of bubbles in various markets is reviewed, eventually examining strong evidence in closed-end country mutual funds markets.     

Wake properties of a single gas bubble in three-dimensional liquid-solid fluidized bed

Experiments were performed to investigate the wake properties of a single gas bubble in a three-dimensional liquid-solid fluidized bed via a video camera moving at the same speed as the bubble. The solids holdup in the fluidized bed varied up to around 10%. The bubble size varied from 5 to 20 mm with corresponding bubble Reynolds numbers ranging from 1000 to 6500. The bubble was observed to have two types of wake configurations depending on the bubble size: the asymmetric/helical vortex wake for small bubbles and the symmetric wake for large bubbles. The bubble shape and relative rise velocity in the fluidized bed can be well-represented by correlations developed for single bubbles in liquid media, although the bubble shape in liquid-solid media is slightly more flattened compared to that in liquid media. The bubble rocking frequency was found to be independent of particle properties and to correspond in magnitude to the vortex shedding frequency in a two-dimensional liquid-solid fluidized bed. The average primary wake size in three dimensions is comparable to that in two dimensions.     

等梯度加速结构中的尾场计算研究

带电粒子束在穿过加速结构时激起的尾场, 会导致束流能散和发射度的增大. 准确计算尾场对正确估计尾场效应对束流性能的影响具有重要意义. 本文对等梯度加速结构中短程尾场、中长程尾场和超长程尾场的计算方法进行了较系统的研究, 并首次给出了超长程尾场的计算公式. 此外, 本文还给出了BEPCⅡ直线加速器等梯度加速结构中短程尾场、中长程尾场以及超长程尾场的计算结果, 并对多种方法计算结果的一致性和在某些范围内的差别做了分析说明.     

Simultaneous hydrodynamic cavitation and glow plasma discharge for the degradation of metronidazole in drinking water

In this study, a novel hydrodynamic cavitation unit combined with a glow plasma discharge system (HC-GPD) was proposed for the degradation of pharmaceutical compounds in drinking water. Metronidazole (MNZ), a commonly used broad-spectrum antibiotic, was selected to demonstrate the potential of the proposed system. Cavitation bubbles generated by hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) can provide a pathway for charge conduction during glow plasma discharge (GPD). The synergistic effect between HC and GPD promotes the production of hydroxyl radicals, emission of UV light, and shock waves for MNZ degradation. Sonochemical dosimetry provided information on the enhanced formation of hydroxyl radicals during glow plasma discharge compared to hydrodynamic cavitation alone. Experimental results showed a MNZ degradation of 14% in 15 min for the HC alone (solution initially containing 300 × 10⁻⁶ mol L⁻¹ MNZ). In experiments with the HC-GPD system, MNZ degradation of 90% in 15 min was detected. No significant differences were observed in MNZ degradation in acidic and alkaline solutions. MNZ degradation was also studied in the presence of inorganic anions. Experimental results showed that the system is suitable for the treatment of solutions with conductivity up to 1500 × 10⁻⁶ S cm⁻¹. The results of sonochemical dosimetry showed the formation of oxidant species of 0.15 × 10⁻³ mol H₂O₂ L⁻¹ in the HC system after 15 min. For the HC-GPD system, the concentration of oxidant species after 15 min reached 13 × 10⁻³ mol H₂O₂ L⁻¹. Based on these results, the potential of combining HC and GPD systems for water treatment was demonstrated. The present work provided useful information on the synergistic effect between hydrodynamic cavitation and glow plasma discharge and their application for the degradation of antibiotics in drinking water.     

Origin of the broad-band noise in acoustic cavitation

The broad-band noise has been experimentally used to monitor the cavitation activity in a sonochemical reactor, an ultrasonic cleaning bath, a biological tissue, etc. However, the origin of the broad-band noise is still under debate. In the present review, two models for the mechanism of the broad-band noise are discussed. One is acoustic emissions from chaotically (non-periodically) pulsating bubbles. The other is acoustic emissions from bubbles with temporal fluctuation in the number of bubbles. It is suggested that the latter mechanism is sometimes dominant. Further studies are required on the role for bubble cluster dynamics as well as the bubble–bubble interaction in the broad-band noise especially at relatively low ultrasonic frequencies.     

Gentle quantitative measurement of helium density in nanobubbles in silicon by spectrum imaging

We propose an original method for the determination of the physical properties of nanometer sized helium bubbles using spectrum imaging in an energy-filtered transmission electron microscope. Helium bubbles synthesized by high fluence implantation and thermal annealing in silicon are investigated. The acquisition parameters are determined to optimize both signal/noise ratio and time. The limitations to the extent of observable areas on a typical sample are explained. The necessary data correction and helium K-edge position measurement procedures are detailed and the accuracy of the method is discussed. Finally helium density maps are obtained and discussed.     

The concept of in-situ vapor stripping for removing VOCs from groundwater

An in-situ remediation procedure is proposed to remove Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) dissolved in groundwater. This is accomplished by injecton of air into a well, using a combined technique of air-lift pumping with a form of vapor stripping. When air is injected into a well, it causes water to be lifted and forces groundwater flow towards the well, creating a recirculating cleanup zone. During this process, VOCs are transferred from the contaminated water to the rising air bubbles inside the well. The air bubbles are separated from the liquid near the top of the well, and the VOC vapor is collected and treated. In this system, water is not permitted to be lifted to the ground surface. Rather, the water is diverted into the unsaturated zone through a series of drains that are installed beneath the root-zone. The water then, free of a portion of VOCs, infiltrates back to the water table. As water continues to circulate, the VOC concentrations are gradually reduced.The feasibility of the proposed method was analyzed using concepts of mass transfer of VOCs from water to air-bubbles. Calculations indicate that the method has promise because equilibrium partitioning between the contaminated liquid and the gas bubbles is rapidly established.