全文获取类型
收费全文 | 21079篇 |
免费 | 3288篇 |
国内免费 | 2990篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 15888篇 |
晶体学 | 330篇 |
力学 | 1880篇 |
综合类 | 179篇 |
数学 | 1466篇 |
物理学 | 7614篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 48篇 |
2023年 | 245篇 |
2022年 | 604篇 |
2021年 | 573篇 |
2020年 | 764篇 |
2019年 | 658篇 |
2018年 | 602篇 |
2017年 | 685篇 |
2016年 | 968篇 |
2015年 | 866篇 |
2014年 | 1127篇 |
2013年 | 2048篇 |
2012年 | 1304篇 |
2011年 | 1303篇 |
2010年 | 1087篇 |
2009年 | 1208篇 |
2008年 | 1344篇 |
2007年 | 1457篇 |
2006年 | 1258篇 |
2005年 | 1109篇 |
2004年 | 1054篇 |
2003年 | 938篇 |
2002年 | 735篇 |
2001年 | 669篇 |
2000年 | 684篇 |
1999年 | 564篇 |
1998年 | 515篇 |
1997年 | 464篇 |
1996年 | 407篇 |
1995年 | 373篇 |
1994年 | 354篇 |
1993年 | 270篇 |
1992年 | 273篇 |
1991年 | 149篇 |
1990年 | 102篇 |
1989年 | 97篇 |
1988年 | 94篇 |
1987年 | 57篇 |
1986年 | 57篇 |
1985年 | 49篇 |
1984年 | 41篇 |
1983年 | 12篇 |
1982年 | 35篇 |
1981年 | 18篇 |
1980年 | 22篇 |
1979年 | 15篇 |
1978年 | 11篇 |
1977年 | 6篇 |
1976年 | 6篇 |
1973年 | 8篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
61.
YUAN Song-Yue ZHAO ZhenChangchun Institute of Applied Chemistry. Academia Sinica Changchun Jilin CYU Zuo-LongChengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry. Academia Sinica Chengdu. Sichuan To whom correspondence should be addressed 《天然气化学杂志》1995,(3)
The surface basicity of Ti-La-Li multicoinponent oxides has been investigated by means of CO2-TPD. The experiment results show that C2 (C2H6 C2H4) selectivity is related to surface basic strength. The surface active oxygen species have also been characterized by means of XPS, O2-TPD and so on. It has been indicated that C2 selectivity and CH4 conversion are correlated with lattice oxygen and the adsorbed oxygen on the surface of the catalyst respectively In the O2-TPD experiments, it has also been found that there are three kinds of oxygen species on the surface of the series catalvsts, which are a (100℃ 750℃) Among them α-oxvgen causes deep oxidation whileβand γ oxygen species are related to oxidalive coupling of methane (OCM). 相似文献
62.
The relatively poor thermal stability of fluorozirconate glasses is a major factor preventing the realisation of their true potential for fibre optic applications. A range of methods based on both isothermal and non-isothermal DSC techniques, which can be employed to evaluate the thermal stability of fluorozirconate glasses, are described. The relevance of these thermal stability criteria to the design of fluorozirconate compositions capable of yielding high quality optical fibres is discussed. 相似文献
63.
医用聚氯乙烯膜的等离子体表面改性 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
用两种不同气氛的辉光放电等离子体工艺对医用软质聚氯乙烯(PVC)膜进行了表面改性研究。结果表明,聚合性气氛的等离子体改性效果明显优于非聚合性气氛。平整致密的聚合膜对PVC增塑剂——邻苯二甲酸二辛酯的迁移和扩散起了阻挡作用,也使膜表面亲水性和表面张力极性成份增大,液固相界面张力减小,生物相容性得以改善。 相似文献
64.
It is generally accepted that the compensation effect arises when a linear relation between InA andE is detected for a simple reaction taking place over different catalysts or for different reactions over one catalyst. For a perfect linear relation between InA andE representation of the reaction rate constant in an Arrhenius plot results in a series of straight lines which intersect in a single point. The importance is stressed of defining unambiguously what is meant by the compensation effect, and it is shown how the scatter in the values of InA is translated into Arrhenius plots. 相似文献
65.
G. Bruno P. Capezzuto G. Cicala F. Cramarossa 《Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing》1986,6(2):109-125
Plasma-chemical reduction of SiCl4 in mixtures with H2 and Ar has been studied by optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and laser interferometry techniques. It has been found that the Ar:H2 ratio strongly affects the plasma composition as well as the deposition (r
D) and etch (r
E) rates of Si: H, Cl films and that the electron impact dissociation is the most important channel for the production of SiClx species, which are the precursors of the film growth. Chemisorption of SiClx and the reactive surface reaction SiClx+H–SiCl(x–1)0+HCl are important steps in the deposition process. The suggested deposition model givesr
D [SiClx][H], in agreement with the experimental data. Etching of Si: H, Cl films occurs at high Ar: H2 ratio when Cl atoms in the gas phase become appreciable and increases with increasing Cl concentration. The etch rate is controlled by the Cl atom chemisorption step. 相似文献
66.
W. Swiatkowski 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》1995,45(3):491-499
The transformation of the chains in the amorphous sulphur was investigated by calorimetric method at the temperature range from 288 to 303 K. The results satisfy the equationX=1?exp [?(kt)2] (X-transformation degree,t—time,k andz—constants). It was found that thez values increasevs. the temperature The activation energy is equal toE=21 kJ/mol with standard deviation 5 kJ/mol. The results were explained on the basis of the theory of the nucleation and the growth of the nuclei. 相似文献
67.
This research presents the results of an experimental study on the determination of pyrolysis behaviour and kinetics of six
crude oils by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TG/DTG). Crude oil pyrolysis indicated two main
temperature ranges where loss of mass was observed. The first region between ambient to 400°C was distillation. The second
region between 400 and 600°C was visbreaking and thermal cracking. Arrhenius-type kinetic model is used to determine the kinetic
parameters of crude oils studied. It was observed that as crude oils gets heavier (°API decreases) cracking activation energy
increases. Activation energy of cracking also show a general trend with asphaltene content.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
68.
At four different charge densities, ionic hydrogels based on N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAAm), acrylamide (AAm), and itaconic acid (IA) were synthesized by free-radical cross-linking copolymerization in water with N,N-methylenebis(acrylamide) (BAAm) as the cross-linker, ammonium persulfate (APS) as the initiator, and N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylenediamine (TEMED) as the activator. The swelling behaviors of these hydrogels were analyzed in buffer solutions at various pH. It was observed that the swelling behavior of cross-linked ionic poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide-co-acrylamide) [P(DMAAm-co-AAm)] hydrogels at different pHs agreed with the modified Flory-Rehner equation based both on the phantom network and affine network models and the ideal Donnan theory. In addition, the kinetics of swelling of the hydrogels was studied in pH 2, 5 and 9 buffer solutions. The swelling curves exhibited the characteristic features of transport process, apparently the Fickian diffusion of fast rates. 相似文献
69.
A historical perspective on the application of conformational analysis to structure-based ligand design approach is presented. The application of isodensity molecular electrostatic potential surfaces with the conformational energy surfaces (CES) have allowed us to reach pertinent conclusions for aiding synthetic and biochemical studies. Here we illustrate such an application on the modeling of the potent analogs of an important, environmentally stringent herbicidal compound glyphosate by constructing conformational energy surfaces. The systems were modeled by substituting F, Cl, and NH— OH moiety to the position of pharmacophoric nitrogen center in glyphosate structure. All the calculations were thoroughly performed with ab initio MO theory at Hartree–Fock method using 3-21G(d) basis functions. On the basis of the results, we identified the bioactive conformations for N-fluoro-glyphosate, N-chloro-glyphosate, and N-hydroxyamino-glyphosate as (−38∘, 77∘), (−61∘, 111∘), and (−167∘, −169∘), respectively. Geometry optimization of certain selected conformations of these compounds using hybrid DFT method with 6–31+G(d) basis functions provides nearly equal values of φ and ψ. Moreover, the results indicate that the global minimum structures of N-fluoro and N-chloro analogs of glyphosate show cyclic conformation whereas the N-hydroxyamino-glyphosate global minimum structure shows spyrocyclic and zig-zag conformation. Also, the predicted bioactive conformation of N-hydroxyamino analog optimally overlaps with glyphosate backbone in EPSPS complex with 0.1 Å RMSD value. However, the other two compounds slightly deviate from the backbone of glyphosate with RMSD of 0.92 Å for N-fluoro-glyphosate and 0.83 Å for N-chloro-glyphosate. The linear N-hydroxyamino-glyphosate exhibits relatively more number of intermolecular hydrogen bond interactions as compared to the other two analogs. Further, comparison of CES of previously studied glyphosate analogs such as N-hydroxy-glyphosate (2.2 μM) and N-amino-glyphosate (0.61 μM) with the present systems reveals the order of activity as: N-hydroxyamino-glyphosate > N-fluoro-glyphosate > N-chloro-glyphosate based on CES flexibility. Also, the calculated heats of formation of N-fluoro-glyphosate, N-chloro-glyphosate, and N-hydroxyamino-glyphosate are −288, −209, and −288 kcal/mol, respectively, which clearly indicate that the N-hydroxyamino and N-fluoro analogs of glyphosate are thermodynamically more stable than N-amino-glyphosate (−278 kcal/mol). 相似文献
70.
Triantafyllos Roukas 《Applied biochemistry and biotechnology》1998,74(1):43-53
The production of citric acid from carob pod extract byA. niger in surface fermentation was investigated. A maximum citric acid concentration (85.5 g/L), citric acid productivity (4.07
g/L/d), specific citric acid production rate (0.18 g/g/d), and specific sugar uptake rate (0.358 g/g/d) was achieved at an
initial sugar concentration of 200 g/L, pH of 6.5, and a temperature of 30°C. Other kinetic parameters, namely, citric acid
yield, biomass yield, specific biomass production rate, and fermentation efficiency were maximum at pH 6.5, temperature 30°C,
and initial sugar concentration 100 g/L. The external addition of methanol into the carob pod extract at a concentration up
to 4% (v/v) improved the production of citric acid. 相似文献