Analysis of film strain and stress in a film-substrate cantilever system

The bending problem of a magnetic film-nonmagnetic substrate cantilever system is studied by using the principle of energy minimization. Emphasis is placed on the analysis of geometrical and physical parameter dependence of the neutral plane, internal film stress and strain of the cantilever system, and then the influence of such a parameter on the bending characteristic is presented. The results indicate, owing to the anisotropic expanding feature of the magnetostriction, that the neutral plane is generally anisotropic, and moves downwards rapidly with the increasing thickness ratio. Meanwhile, the bounding rigidity of substrate on the film will decrease with the increasing thickness ratio, and thus release the film stress, i.e., it decreases, but the film strain increases. The effect of Poisson’s ratio of the materials on the film strain, the stress and the neutral plane in the direction transverse to the magnetization is prominent. For the strain and the stress in the magnetization, however, the role of Poisson’s ratio is inconspicuous. This property is due to the initiative elongating (or contracting) feature of the magnetic film along its magnetization. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10762001), the Key Project of the Chinese Ministry of Education (Grant No. 206024), and the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University of China (Grant No. NCET-2005-0272)     

Analytical solutions for some defect problems in 1D hexagonal and 2D octagonal quasicrystals

We study some typical defect problems in one-dimensional (1D) hexagonal and two-dimensional (2D) octagonal quasicrystals. The first part of this investigation addresses in detail a uniformly moving screw dislocation in a 1D hexagonal piezoelectric quasicrystal with point group 6mm. A general solution is derived in terms of two functions φ ₁, φ ₂, which satisfy wave equations, and another harmonic function φ ₃. Elementary expressions for the phonon and phason displacements, strains, stresses, electric potential, electric fields and electric displacements induced by the moving screw dislocation are then arrived at by employing the obtained general solution. The derived solution is verified by comparison with existing solutions. Also obtained in this part of the investigation is the total energy of the moving screw dislocation. The second part of this investigation is devoted to the study of the interaction of a straight dislocation with a semi-infinite crack in an octagonal quasicrystal. Here the crack penetrates through the solid along the period direction and the dislocation line is parallel to the period direction. We first derive a general solution in terms of four analytic functions for plane strain problem in octagonal quasicrystals by means of differential operator theory and the complex variable method. All the phonon and phason displacements and stresses can be expressed in terms of the four analytic functions. Then we derive the exact solution for a straight dislocation near a semi-infinite crack in an octagonal quasicrystal, and also present the phonon and phason stress intensity factors induced by the straight dislocation and remote loads.      

衍射法测量金属丝的杨氏模量

本文提出了一种新的测量金属丝杨氏模量的方法--夫琅禾费单缝衍射法.平行光遇到由金属丝被拉伸形变而形成的单缝,产生衍射,用CCD光强分布测量仪接收衍射光信号,用示波器定标方法测量衍射角,可以精确计算金属丝的杨氏模量.最后与普通光杠杆放大法比较,对可能引入的误差来源做了分析,结果证明,本方法测量精度更高、相对误差更小.     

Residual stress determination in aluminium using electromagnetic acoustic transducers

The residual stresses in a shrink-fit specimen were measured ultrasonically, using shear-horizonal (SH) waves transmitted and received by noncontacting electromagnetic acoustic transducers. The presence of stress induces a small change in the velocity of the SH-waves. The difference in velocities of orthogonally polarized SH-waves (acoustic birefringence) was measured with a simple time-interval averaging system; this velocity difference can be related to the difference of principal stresses. The presence of material anisotropy (texture) in the specimen also causes relative velocity changes comparable to stress-induced changes. A simple method was used to remove the anisotropy-dependent component of the total relative velocity change, thereby allowing a determination of residual stress. This method consisted of measuring the birefringence in unstressed reference specimens and subtracting it from the birefringence measured at stressed locations. For the specimen used here, good agreement between theoretical and experimental values of stress was obtained.     

Ultrasonic SH wave velocity in textured aluminium plates

Neutron diffraction has been used to measure the crystallite orientation distribution function for a sample of rolled aluminium plate. Based on this study an expression is given for the ultrasonic velocity of the fundamental horizontally polarized shear (SH) wave propagating in the plane of the plate at an angle θ to the rolling direction. This expression is correct to second order in the leading texture component and is compared with the exact numerical result and with measurements of the SH wave velocity for this plate. In textured materials the group and phase velocities are not, in general, parallel and an expression for the angle between them is derived. Inclusion of this effect leads to better agreement between experiment and theory. The results have application to the texture-independent determination of stress with ultrasonics recently proposed by MacDonald and Thompson et al.     

船用超声液位传感器的分析与设计

介绍了一种船用某型超声液位传感器的基本结构和工作原理。在对脉冲式超声探头的轴向声压分布特点及其声透射强度分析研究的基础上,给出了该传感器的超声信号发射端与接收端之间距离d和压电晶片保护膜的壁厚δ值的确定方法。最后设计了一套超声液位传感器性能测试实验平台,对上述理论研究结论进行了实验验证。     

粉末高速压制成形过程中的应力波分析

应用离散单元法,模拟了粉末高速压制成形过程中的压力传播过程.根据粉末高速压制成形的工艺特性,把一次压制过程分为弹性加载、塑性变形、弹性卸载三个阶段;基于离散单元法的基本理论,分别建立了三个阶段的控制方程;应用PFC2D软件对粉末高速压制过程模腔内部颗粒的运动状态进行了数值模拟,给出了压坯内部的压力分布,得出了实验中无法测量的压坯内部应力传播波形.数值模拟结果显示,压力作用曲线表现出明显的弛豫现象,形成了倾斜度不同的锯齿状加载波形和卸载波形,压坯底层的应力波与实验得到的应力波相符. 关键词： 高速压制成形 离散单元法 接触模型 应力波     

Electromechanical cracking in ferroelectrics driven by large scale domain switching

Experimental results indicate three regimes for cracking in a ferroelectric double cantilever beam (DCB) under combined electromechanical loading. In the loading, the maximum amplitude of the applied electric field reaches almost twice the coercive field of ferroelectrics. Thus, the model of small scale domain switching is not applicable any more, which is dictated only by the singular term of the crack tip field. In the DCB test, a large or global scale domain switching takes place instead, which is driven...     

The rheology of suspensions of vinylon fibers in polymer liquids. II. Suspensions in polymer solutions

Summary The rheological properties of vinylon fiber suspensions in polymer solutions were studied in steady shear flow. Shear viscosity, first normal-stress difference, yield stress, relative viscosity, and other properties were discussed. Three kinds of flexible vinylon fibers of uniform length and three kinds of polymer solutions as mediums which exhibited remarkable non-Newtonian behaviors were employed. The shear viscosity and relative viscosity ( _r ) increased with the fiber content and the aspect ratio, and depended upon the shear rate. Shear rate dependence of _r was found only in the low shear rate region. This result was different from that of vinylon fiber suspensions in Newtonian fluids. The first normal-stress difference increased at first slightly with increasing fiber content but rather decreased and showed lower values for high content suspensions than that of the medium. A yield stress could be determined by using a modified equation of Casson type. The flow properties of the fiber suspensions depended on the viscosity of the medium in the suspensions under consideration.With 16 figures and 1 table     

On the measurement of normal stress differences in steady shear flow

Summary Compared to the similar pressure-distribution cone-and-plate apparatus of Adams and Lodge (4), the new apparatus' improvements include: temperature control of the cone (as well as the plate); increased stiffening of the frame; four (not three) pressuremeasuring holes in the cone/plate region; inclusion of a pressure-measuring hole on the axis under the cone truncation; exclusive use of a vertical free liquid boundary at the cone rim (without a sea of liquid). Temperature control of the rotating cone and of the fixed plate leads to acceptable temperature uniformity in the test liquid for working temperatures within 10°C or 20°C of ambient; the corresponding interval is about 1°C if the cone temperature control is abandoned. Pressure gradients measured using a Newtonian liquid agree with those calculated using Walters' eq. (3). For a viscoelastic liquid, after subtracting inertial contributions, pressure distributions measured at a given shear rate in the cone/plate region do not change when the gap angle is changed from 2° to 3°, showing that the effects of secondary flow are negligible. Values ofN ₃ =N ₁ + 2N ₂ obtained from the gradients of these distributions are believed to be in error by not more than ±1 Pa, in favorable cases. The present most useful ranges are: 10 to 5000 Pa forN ₃; 0.1 to 200 sec^–1 for shear rate; up to 5 Pa s for viscosity; and 5 to 40°C for temperature. As an application, it is shown that adding 0.1% of a high molecular weight polyisobutylene to a 2% polyisobutylene solution doublesN ₃ and has no detectable effect on the viscosity measured at low shear rates with a Ferranti-Shirley viscometer.

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Zusammenfassung Im Vergleich zu dem ähnlichen Kegel-Platte-Gerät von Adams und Lodge (4) zur Messung der Druckverteilung wurden an dem neuen Gerät die folgenden Verbesserungen vorgenommen: Temperaturregelung an Kegel und Platte, Versteifung des Rahmens, vier (anstatt drei) Druckmeßlöcher im Kegel-Platte-Bereich, ein zusätzliches Druckmeßloch auf der Achse unter der Kegelstumpf-Deckfläche, ausschließliche Verwendung einer vertikalen freien Grenzfläche der Flüssigkeit am Kegelrand (ohne umgebenden Flüssigkeitssee). Die Temperaturregelung des rotierenden Kegels und der festen Platte führt zu einer ausreichenden Temperaturgleichförmigkeit in der Testflüssigkeit für Betriebstemperaturen, die höchstens um 10–20°C von der Umgebungstemperatur abweichen. Dieses Intervall beträgt dagegen nur etwa 1°C, wenn auf die Temperaturregelung am Kegel verzichtet wird. Für newtonsche Flüssigkeiten entsprechen die gemessenen Druckgradienten den mittels der Gleichung von Walters (3) berechneten. Für viskoelastische Flüssigkeiten zeigen sich bei der Änderung des Spaltwinkels von 2° auf 3° nach Abzug der Trägheitsbeiträge keine Änderungen der bei einer bestimmten Schergeschwindigkeit gemessenen Druckverteilung. Dies zeigt, daß Sekundärströmungseffekte vernachlässigbar sind. Es darf angenommen werden, daß die Werte vonN ₃ =N ₁ + 2N ₂, die man aus den Gradienten dieser Verteilungen erhält, unter günstigen Umständen mit einem Fehler von nicht mehr als ±1 Pa behaftet sind. Gegenwärtig liegen die günstigsten Bereiche bei 10 bis 5000 Pa fürN ₃, 0,1 bis 200 s^–1 für die Schergeschwindigkeit, unterhalb von 5 Pa s für die Viskosität und 5 bis 40°C für die Temperatur. Als Anwendung wird gezeigt, daß ein Zusatz von 0,1% hochmolekularen Polyisobutylens zu einer 2%igen Polyisobutylenlösung den Wert vonN ₃ verdoppelt, aber keinen erkennbaren Einfluß auf die (bei geringen Schergeschwindigkeiten mit einem Ferranti-Shirley-Viskosimeter gemessen) Viskosität hat.

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udsf unidirectional shear flow - TCP truncated-cone and plate - N ₁,N ₂ 1st and 2nd normal stress differences in udsf - N ₃ N ₁ + 2N ₂ - : = A is defined by the equationA := B - P ^* hole pressurePw – Pm; Pw, Pm = pressures measured by flush transducer and by hole-mounted transducer - t time - , strain rate, shear rate - (P,t) covariant body metric tensor at particleP and timet - ⁱ , _i covariant and contravariant udsf body base vectors (i = 1, 2, 3) - ^–1 inverse of - R, plate radius, cone/plate gap angle - r ₀,h ₀ radius and height of cone truncation - r,, spherical polar coordinates; cone axis = 0; plate surface = /2 - physical components of stress; for a tensile component - cone angular velocity - p on the plate = /2 - ,T, density, absolute temperature, viscosity - P 0.15 ²(r ² –R ²) (inertial contribution) [2.7] - P _ve contribution [2.8] from flow perturbations of viscoelastic origin - r _i i = 1,2,3,4; values ofr at centers of holes in cone/plate region - P _i () pressure change recorded by transducerTi when cone angular velocity goes from zero to - 1/2 {P _i ()+ P _i (–)} (average for 2 senses of rotation) - rim pressure, from least-squares line through four points - Re Reynolds' number:R ²/ - (P,t)/t With 11 figures and 2 tables