Combined untargeted and targeted fingerprinting with comprehensive two-dimensional chromatography for volatiles and ripening indicators in olive oil

Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) is the most effective multidimensional separation technique for in-depth investigations of complex samples of volatiles (VOC) in food. However, each analytical run produces dense, multi-dimensional data, so elaboration and interpretation of chemical information is challenging.     

A new modified low-energy emulsification method for preparation of water-in-diesel fuel nanoemulsion as alternative fuel

In this research, 24 of water-in-diesel fuel nanoemulsions were prepared using mixed nonionic surfactants of sorbitan monooleate and polyoxyethylene sorbitan trioleate (MTS). The emulsions were formed using a new modified low-energy method at hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value of 10 and a working temperature of 20°C. Five HLB values of 9.6, 9.8, 10, 10.2, and 10.4 were prepared to identify the optimum value that gives low water droplet size at working conditions as: 5 wt% of water contents, 10 wt% of mixed surfactant concentration, and a temperature of 20°C. The effect of mixed surfactant concentration and water content on the droplet size for 0, 15, 30, 60, and 90 days has been studied. Droplet size of the prepared nanoemulsions was determined by dynamic light scattering and the nanoemulsion stability was assessed by measuring the variation of the droplet size as a function of time. Results show that the mean droplet sizes were formed between 26.23 and 277.1 nm depending on the surfactant concentrations, water contents, and storage time.     

Ostwald Ripening of Two-Component Disperse Phase Miniemulsions Containing Monomer and Reactive Costabilizer

The Ostwald ripening behavior of the two-component miniemulsions of MMA/SMA, ST/SMA, MMA/LMA, and ST/LMA was investigated. Kabal'nov equation predicted the Ostwald ripening rate data reasonably well when the volume fraction of reactive costabilizer was lower than 0.02–0.03, but it failed to describe the experimental data over the whole costabilizer volume fraction range (0.01–0.05). An empirical equation with two adjustable parameters K₁ and K₂ was then proposed to adequately predict the Ostwald ripening rate data. The greater the value of K₁ (or K₂), the more effective is the costabilizer in stabilizing miniemulsion droplets against the diffusional degradation process.     

Ripening and Storage Time Effects on the Aromatic Profile of New Table Grape Cultivars in Chile

The aim of this study was to determine the volatile profiles of new seedless table grape cultivars Timco™, Magenta™, Krissy™ and Arra15™ and compare them with the traditional table grape variety Crimson seedless. The volatile profiles were extracted employing solid-phase microextraction and analyzed with gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Terpenes were present in very different proportions, with the Magenta, Krissy, and Arra15 varieties showing much higher quantities than Crimson and Timco. β-Ionone and octanal, important indicators in the aromatic flavor quality of table grapes, were present in higher levels in Crimson and Arra15, and this might be responsible for driving consumer preference. These compounds significantly increased during ripening, except in Crimson, and gradually decreased from harvest to the end of the storage in all the cultivars. Evolution during ripening was different depending on the variety but the general tendency terpenes was to increase from veraison to harvest. A postharvest study revealed that Crimson could have a better conservation of the volatile components during postharvest storage compared with Timco and Krissy. These results could help in plant breeding programs and to make decisions for new planting according to needs for storing fresh table grapes given distances to consumer markets.     

SnO2纳米棒的生长过程、发光性能及光催化活性

在柠檬酸的调控下,采用水热法合成SnO_2纳米棒。利用高分辨透射电子显微镜、X射线衍射、傅里叶变换红外光谱、Brunauer-Emmett-Teller氮吸附、紫外可见漫反射光谱和光致发光光谱研究了SnO_2样品在生长过程中的结构特征。结果表明,SnO_2纳米晶体的生长可进一步分为2个阶段:早期SnO_2纳米晶遵循定向附着模式生长,而后期采取Ostwald熟化模式沿[001]方向缓慢生长。SnO_2纳米粒子在不同阶段的光致发光性能和光催化活性显示:在晶体的生长过程中,这2种性能变化趋势几乎相似,即生长前期性能迅速增加,随后性能逐渐降低。     

Ostwald ripening in two dimensions—the rigorous derivation of the equations from the Mullins-Sekerka dynamics

We consider a dilute mixture of a finite number of particles and we are interested in the coarsening of the spatial distribution in two space dimensions under Mullins-Sekerka dynamics. Under the appropriate scaling hypotheses we associate radii and centers to each particle and derive equations for the whole evolution.     

Crystal Growth Kinetics of Nanocrystalline ZnS under Surface Adsorption

The crystal growth mechanism,kinetics,and microstructure development play a fundamental role in tailoring the materials with controllable size and morphology. In this study,by introducing the strong surface adsorption of the concentrated NaOH,two-stage crystal growth kinetics of ZnS nanoparticles was observed. In the first stage,the primary particles grow into a size over a hundred times of the original volume and the growth is controlled by the crystal-lographically specific oriented attachment. The first stage data were fitted by the "multistep OA kinetic model" built based on the molecular collision and reaction. In the second stage,following the dispersal of nanoparticles,an abrupt transition from asymptotic to parabola growth kinetics occurs,which can be fitted by a standard Ostwald ripening volume diffusion model. The presence of surface adsorption causes the two-stage growth kinetics and permits an almost exclusive OA-based growth to dominate in the first stage.     

Development of band patterns in surface films: A simple theory

Semiconductor technology often employs thin films deposited on crystal surfaces, and in some cases these films can self-organize into band, ring or spiral patterns during annealing. A simple theory is proposed which predicts the stability or instability of such films and, in the case of instability, the band spacing, which depends upon bulk, surface and interfacial free energies. This information could be of use in self-assembly techniques. In some cases, bands condense into particle arrays upon further annealing, and a theoretical model is developed to predict the subsequent evolution of circular band patterns by diffusion, which causes the regular disappearance of alternate bands.     

Crystalline ferroelectrics with a glassy polarization phase

It is found that, far above the ferroelectric transition temperature, T_c, certain ferroelectric systems show a temperature dependent index of refraction, n(T), that is qualitatively different from ordinary ferroelectrics. We review measurements in these systems and show how some aspects of this n(T) data can be quantitatively understood. This is done by considering the polarization in these materials to arise from very small localized clusters of a few unit cells far above T_c. The strongly broken long range symmetry allows these effects to occur. Furthermore, we find a one-to-one correspondence between ferroelectrics that show this unusual high temperature behavior and those that show glass-like excitations at very low temperatures; this clarifies the ambiguities in the low temperature heat capacity and thermal conductivity results.