Static TOF‐SIMS — a VAMAS interlaboratory study. Part I. Repeatability and reproducibility of spectra

An interlaboratory study involving 32 Time‐of‐Flight Static SIMS instruments from 12 countries has been conducted. Analysts were supplied, by NPL, with a protocol for analysis together with three reference materials; a thin layer of polycarbonate (PC) on a silicon wafer, a thin layer of polystyrene (PS) oligomers on etched silver and poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE). The study involved static SIMS analysis of each reference material for both positive and negative polarity secondary ions. The option to test instrument suitability for G‐SIMS was also provided. The results of this study show that over 84% of instruments have excellent repeatabilities of better than 1.9%. Repeatabilities can be as good as 0.4%. A relative instrument spectral response (RISR) is calculated for each instrument for each reference material and ion polarity. The RISR is used to evaluate variations in spectral response between different generic types of SIMS instruments. Use of the RISR allows the identification of contamination, charge stabilisation problems and incorrectly functioning ion detectors. The high quality of the data presented here allows the RISR to reveal differences in individual operation of each instrument such as the use of apertures to remove metastables from the spectra and the use of different post‐acceleration voltages for ion detection. Spectral reproducibility can be measured, here, by the equivalence of RISRs between materials and ion polarities. It is found that reproducibilities are on average 10% but can be as good as 4% for the best instruments. This figure shows the consistency between instruments in measuring spectra from different samples. This study sets out the basic framework to develop static secondary ion mass spectrometry (SSIMS) as a reliable measurement method. © Crown Copyright 2005. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majestry's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

双光路干涉测量的控制系统设计

传统的大口径光学元件干涉测量方法依赖于根据不同测试样品人为改变扩束镜头和光路结构,该方法会不可避免引入一些系统误差,因此针对双光路干涉仪的功能需要和仿真实验,提出了一套对应的双线控制方案。通过蓝牙通信、串口通信和机械结构的相互配合可以对光路进行多次折转和校准,使得每次切换测量口径后的光学元件变化位置固定,并在基于MFC(microsoft foundation classes)开发的交互界面显示实时状态。结果表明：在450 mm测量口径下,PV10测量重复性可达到0.004λ,RMS测量重复性可达到0.000 4λ;在100 mm测量口径下,PV10测量重复性可达到0.000 8λ,RMS测量重复性可达到0.000 16λ。实验结果表明该系统保障了优越的测量效率和测量重复性,为双光路干涉仪的研发提供了参考价值。     

Laboratory demonstration of geopotential measurement using transportable optical clocks

We report an experimental demonstration of geopotential difference measurement using a pair of transportable $^{40}$Ca$^{+}$ optical clocks (TOC-729-1 and TOC-729-3) in the laboratory, each of them has an uncertainty of $1.3 \times 10^{-17}$ and an instability of $4.8 \times 10^{-15}/\sqrt{ \tau } $. Referenced to a stationary clock of TOC-729-1, the geopotential difference measurements are realized by moving TOC-729-3 to three different locations and the relevant altitude differences are measured with uncertainties at the level of 20 cm. After correcting the systematic shifts (including gravitational red shift), the two-clock frequency difference is measured to be $-0.7(2.2) \times 10^{-17}$, considering both the statistic $(1.0 \times 10^{-17})$ and the systematic $(1.9 \times 10^{-17})$ uncertainties. The frequency difference between these two clocks is within their respective uncertainties, verifying the reliability of transportable $^{40}$Ca$^{+}$ optical clocks at the low level of 10$^{-17}$.     

光纤陀螺捷联式惯导系统初始对准方法研究

对光纤陀螺（FOG）的零偏重复性、零偏随时间变化规律的重复性进行了实骀研究。根据FOG零偏重复性好和零偏随时间变化规律的重复性好等特点，采用最小二乘估计和Kaiman滤波估计方法，提出、设计实现了一个有效实用的FOG捷联式惯导系统（SINS）初始对准方法，并与转位式初始对准方法的对准结果进行了比较，得到了精度相当的结果。     

测量方法精密度共同试验测量数据的统计分析

以钼蓝分光光度法测定石灰石、白云石中二氧化硅分析方法标准的精密度共同试验测量数据为例,按GB/T 6379.2—2004的统计方法进行统计,最终确定了分析方法的重复性限r和再现性限R与含量(水平)m的函数关系式。对统计中数据的处理、回归方程的图示确定、分析方法精密度的表示等问题进行了讨论。以含量分段表示重复性限和再现性限,在分析实践中更为实用。对共同试验和数据处理中要注意的问题进行了深入讨论。     

基于变转速条件下内燃机油抗磨试验方法研究

通过对内燃机油工作环境和润滑状态的研究,提出变转速试验方法来评定内燃机油的抗磨性能.该方法以四球机为试验平台,以Stribeck曲线和椭圆接触理论为依据,通过试验转速的改变来匹配不同的油膜厚度,从而在测试过程中模拟发动机的润滑状态.对11种油品的抗磨性能进行了测试,考察了变转速试验方法的相关性、重复性、区分性,并与标准方法SH/T 0189进行了比较.结果表明:变转速试验方法与SH/T 0189方法显著相关,其重复性及区分能力优于SH/T 0189方法,可用于内燃机油抗磨性能研究.     

Wave-Packet Collapse Based on Weak Repeatability or Covariant Condition

The conflict between the dynamics postulate(unitary evolution) and the measurement postulate(wavepacket collapse) of quantum mechanics has been reconciled by Zurek from an information transfer perspective [Phys.Rev. A 76(2007) 052110], and has further been extended to a more general scenario [Phys. Rev. A 87(2013) 052111].In this paper, we reconsider Zurek's new derivation by using weak repeatability postulate or covariant condition instead of repeatability postulate.     

小容量计量标准的建立及不确定度分析

介绍小容量计量标准的组成，分析验证该计量标准的不确定度，并考察其重复性和稳定性。     

Determination of free fatty acids in milk and cheese procedures for extraction,clean up,and capillary gas chromatographic analysis

A rapid, reliable and precise capillary gas chromatographic method for routine quantification of short- and long-chain free fatty acids (FFA) in milk and cheese is described. Procedures of (1) lipid extraction, (2) isolation of the FFA from milk and cheese extracts, and (3) capillary gas chromatographic analysis were developed and optimized. FFA can be extracted from cheese for 95–100% with ether-heptane after grinding with sodium sulfate and addition of 2.5 M sulfuric acid. From milk, 95–100 % of the FFA (≤ C8:0) are also extracted with ether-heptane after addition of ethanol and 2.5 M sulfuric acid. Internal standards are used to compensate for the losses of lower FFA (C2:0–C8:0) in the aqueous phase. In view of the excellent recovery (98–100 %) and a considerable saving of time, the use of an aminopropyl column is preferred for the isolation of the FFA from lipid-extracts. The underivatized FFA are separated directly by capillary gas chromatography making use of columns which enable accurate and rapid (≤ 40 min) determination of FFA C2:0–C20:0. With the method described, all major FFA (C2:0–C18:3) in milk and cheese can be quantified with good repeatability (rsd less then 2 %). The method is also applicable to the analysis of short-chain fatty acids in other products.     

工作距离可调的激光显微操纵器光学系统设计

考虑传统激光显微操纵器的缺点,采用反射式结构设计了新的激光显微操纵器,以提高激光显微操纵器输出光斑的质量。用He-Ne激光作为指示光束,CO2激光作为工作光束,对两种光斑的重合性、光斑大小进行了优化设计;利用ZEMAX软件中多重结构的功能使系统设计满足200～400 mm工作距离可调的要求。对设计的系统进行了实验,给出了光学系统图、能量图及点列图表。实验结果表明,在规定的工作距离内,系统的光斑重合性,光束均匀性、稳定性及可靠性等方面均有了很大提高。该激光显微操纵器与手术显微镜结合,有术野清晰,操作安全的特点,可满足医疗的长期使用要求。