Langevin formulation of quantum mechanics

Summary We present in a rather pedagogical way a new formulation of quantum mechanics. Our starting point is the path integral representation of the quantum-mechanical propagator analytically continued to imaginary timeW(X″, s″|X′, s′). We view the set of random paths contributing toW(X″, s″|X′, s′) as the manifold of solutions of a Langevin equation with a Gaussian white noise. We thus obtainW(X″, s″|X′, s′) as the noise-average of a suitable functional of the solution of the Langevin equation. The standard quantum-mechanical propagator is finally recovered by analytically continuingW(X″, s″|X′, s′) back to real time. The present approach allows for a straightforward application of standard methods of classical stochastic processes to quantum-mechanical problems and offers a new promising way to perform computer simulations of quantum-dynamical systems. To speed up publication, the author has agreed not to receive proofs which have been supervised by the Scientific Committee.     

Determination of Band Structure Parameters and the Quasi‐Particle Gap of CdSe Quantum Dots by Cyclic Voltammetry

Band structure parameters such as the conduction band edge, the valence band edge and the quasi‐particle gap of diffusing CdSe quantum dots (Q‐dots) of various sizes were determined using cyclic voltammetry. These parameters are strongly dependent on the size of the Q‐dots. The results obtained from voltammetric measurements are compared to spectroscopic and theoretical data. The fit obtained to the reported calculations based on the semi‐empirical pseudopotential method (SEPM)—especially in the strong size‐confinement region, is the best reported so far, according to our knowledge. For the smallest CdSe Q‐dots, the difference between the quasi‐particle gap and the optical band gap gives the electron–hole Coulombic interaction energy (J_e1,h1). Interband states seen in the photoluminescence spectra were verified with cyclic voltammetry measurements.     

Quadratic Actions in Dependent Fields and the Action Principle

General field theories are considered, within the functional differential formalism of quantum field theory, with interaction Lagrangian densities L _I (x;λ), with λ a generic coupling constant, such that the following expression ∂ L _I (x;λ)/∂ λ may be expressed as quadratic functions in dependent fields but may, in general, be arbitrary functions of independent fields. These necessarily include, as special cases, present renormalizable gauge theories. It is shown, in a unified manner, that the vacuum-to-vacuum transition amplitude (the generating functional) may be explicitly derived in functional differential form which, in general, leads to modifications to computational rules by including such factors as Faddeev–Popov ones and modifications thereof which are explicitly obtained. The derivation is given in the presence of external sources and does not rely on any symmetry and invariance arguments as is often done in gauge theories and no appeal is made to path integrals.     

Extraordinarily high drive currents in asymmetrical double-gate MOSFETs

Numerical simulation results derived from a Schrödinger–Poisson tool applied to scaled double-gate (DG) MOSFETs, supplemented by analytical characterizations of the pertinent physics, are presented to give insight concerning the near-ideal features of DG devices and to explain how the low-voltage drive current of the asymmetrical DG MOSFET, having only one predominant channel, can be comparable to, and even higher than, that of the symmetrical-gate counterpart designed to have the same off-state current.     

Operator Correlations and Quantum Regression Theorem in Non-Markovian Lindblad Rate Equations

Non-Markovian Lindblad rate equations arise from alternative microscopic interactions such as quantum systems coupled to composite reservoirs, where extra degrees of freedom mediate the interaction between the system and a Markovian reservoir, as well as from systems coupled to complex structured reservoirs whose action can be well approximated by a direct sum of Markovian sub-reservoirs (Budini in Phys. Rev. A 74:053815 [2006]). The purpose of this paper is two fold. First, for both kinds of interactions we find general expressions for the system operator correlations written in terms of the Lindblad rate propagator. Secondly, we find the conditions under which a quantum regression hypothesis is valid. We show that a non-Markovian quantum regression theorem can only be granted in a stationary regime, being a necessary condition the fulfillment of a detailed balance condition. This result is independent of the underlying microscopic interaction, providing a criterion for the validity of the regression hypothesis in non-Markovian Lindblad-like master equations. As an example, we study the correlations of a two-level system coupled to different kind of reservoirs.     

量子隧穿中的等效势垒

本文给出等效垫垒的概念及性质，利用等效势垒的性质可以使量子遂穿中的有关问题更容易解决。     

Multi-agent controlled teleportation of multi-qubit quantum information via two-step protocol

Utilizing both the general quantum teleportation and the two-step protocol, a new method is presented by which multi-qubit quantum information can be teleported in a much easier way from a sender Alice to a receiver Bob via the control of many agents in a network than by Yang et al＇s method. In this method, only all the agents collaborate with Bob can the unknown states in Alice＇s qubits be fully reconstructed in Bob＇s qubits. Comparisons between the method and Yang et al＇s method are made. Results show that, in this method, the preparation difficulty of initial states and the identification difficulty of entangled states are considerably reduced, new method is more feasible in technique, and Hadamard operations are not needed at all.     

Matrix Effect of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal Halides on Fluorescence Quantum Yield of Indium in Laser‐Induced Fluorescence Flame Spectrometry

As interfered with by alkali and alkaline earth metal halides added as the matrix in an acetylene/air flame, the fluorescence quantum yield of In as the analyte in a laser‐induced fluorescence (LIF) flame spectrometry has been thoroughly characterized. The fluorescence quantum yield is determined by a ratio of F to A, where F is the measured fluorescence of In and A is the difference between the absorption signals recorded for the analyte and the blank solutions. The normalized fluorescence signal is treated to prevent deviations due to variations of the atomization efficiency under the conditions with and without the matrix added. The fluorescence quantum yield is measured to be almost independent of the matrix concentration up to 500 ppm (μg/mL) studied, under conditions of either optical unsaturation or saturation. By considering a quenching effect induced by electron‐atom collisions, the calculated fluorescence quantum yields are consistent with our observations.     

二维量子片及其光学研究进展

以石墨烯为代表的二维材料因其独特的结构和优异性能而受到广泛关注。随着二维材料在无限小的方向不断发展,二维(材料)量子片逐渐引起人们极大的兴趣。二维量子片不仅保留了二维材料的本征特性,而且表现出量子限域和突出的边缘效应,为二维材料的潜在应用带来全新机遇。本文详细介绍了二维量子片的基本概念,制备现状与光学性能的研究进展,特别强调了二维量子片本征、普适和规模制备的实现及其重大意义。此外,重点关注了二维量子片的光致发光特性以及在非线性光学、固态发光器件等领域的应用。最后,分析了二维量子片的发展趋势以及面临的主要挑战。     

Effects of initial states on the quantum correlations in the generalized Grover search algorithm

We investigate the correlations between two qubits in the Grover search algorithm with arbitrary initial states by numerical simulation. Using a set of suitable bases, we construct the reduced density matrix and give the numerical expression of correlations relating to the iterations. For different initial states, we obtain the concurrence and quantum discord compared with the success probability in the algorithm. The results show that the initial states affect the correlations and the limit point of the correlations in the searching process. However, the initial states do not influence the whole cyclical trend.