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11.
12.
The thickness and the porosity of a deposit during ultrafiltration experiments are determined using an electrochemical method. Twenty microelectrodes are mounted flush to a ceramic plane membrane and maps of deposit thickness are determined for three inlet/outlet distributors configurations. Combining an electrochemical method and a step transient method, the determination of the thickness and the porosity of a particles deposit is performed. These local thickness and porosity values are analyzed thanks to wall shear stress local measurements obtained in a previous work [Sep. Sci. Technol. 37 (10) (2002) 2251]. The results emphasize the heterogeneity of the deposit thickness, especially in zones of low wall shear stress. Furthermore, the porosity values of the deposit are ranged between 0.3 and 0.8 as a function of the location at the membrane surface. 相似文献
13.
A copolymer of poly(acrylonitrile-co-styrene) (SAN) was synthesized via an emulsion polymerization method. Novel polymer electrolyte membranes cast from the blends of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP), SAN and fumed silica (SiO2) are microporous and can be used in polymer lithium-ion batteries. The membrane shows excellent characteristics such as high ionic conductivity and good mechanical strength when the mass ratio between SAN and PVDF-HFP and SiO2 is 3.5/31.5/5. The ionic conductivity of the membrane soaked in a liquid electrolyte of 1 mol/L LiPF6/EC/DMC/DEC is 4.9×10-3 S cm-1 at 25℃. The membrane is electrochemical stable up to 5.5 V versus Li /Li in the liquid electrolyte. The influences of SiO2 content on the porosity and mechanical strength of the membranes were studied. Polymer lithium-ion batteries based on the membranes were assembled and their performances were also studied. 相似文献
14.
Aspects of the mechanism of the overall reaction between CaCO3/CaO and SO2/SO3 under oxidizing conditions are discussed. The limestone and lime sulphation processes were carried out in a thermobalance
under conditions relevant to atmospheric fluidized bed combustion. Sulphated samples, prepared in the form of cross-section
particles, were examined in a scanning electron microscope by energy-dispersive X-ray and back-scattered electron imaging.
Photomicrographs are presented. The reaction proceeded from the outer surface of the particles and along the pores. Surface
textural changes during the reaction were considered. The layer of products was identified as controlling both the rate and
extent of limestone/lime sulphation. In the products, two sulphur-bearing solids (CaSO4 and CaS) were identified. The presence of CaS, which may cause difficulties in practice, is attributed to CaSO3 disproportionation.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
15.
The light-scattering properties of coatings based on monodisperse polymeric spheres of two different diameters (ca 0.5 and 1 m) were evaluated from reflectance measurements as a function of the wavelength from 400 to 700 nm. Some of these plastic pigments were hollow and it was noted that these particles gave coatings with a greater light-scattering ability than coatings based on solid particles of a similar size. It was possible to estimate the contribution of the internal pores to the scattering ability of the coating layers by saturating the layers with an oil of a refractive index similar to that of the polymeric pigment particles. A simple model accounting for the scattering provided by the internal pores of the hollow particles is suggested. The agreement between the experimental results and the prediction of the model is fair. It was noted that the light scattering coefficient of the coatings increased when the external diameter of their constituent hollow particles increased from ca 0.5 to 1 m. 相似文献
16.
Effect of Hydration–Dehydration Processes on the Structure and Porosity of Detemplated Silica Fibers
Kovalenko V. V. Tel'biz G. M. Bobonich F. M. 《Theoretical and Experimental Chemistry》2004,40(1):64-68
A study was carried out on the conditions of template removal (calcination or extraction by solvents) and hydration–dehydration processes on the hexagonal structure and porosity of detemplated fibers. The hydration–dehydration cycle leads to a decrease in fiber porosity, especially in fiber detemplation by extraction with surfactant solvents such as ethanol and acetic acid. 相似文献
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This research provides a fundamental understanding of the early stage hydration of Portland cement paste, tricalcium aluminate
(C3A) paste at water to cement ratio of 0.5 and C3A suspension at water to cement ratio of 5.0 modified by 2 or 4 mass% of sodium carbonate. A high conversion of unreacted
clinker minerals to gel-like hydration products in the cement-Na2CO3 pastes takes place rapidly between 1st to 24th h. Contrary the Ca(OH)2 formation within the same time interval is retarded in the excess of CO32− ions due to intensive rise and growth of CaCO3 crystals in hydrated cement. Later, the conversion of clinker minerals to the hydrate phase is reduced and higher contents
of calcite and vaterite relative to that of Ca(OH)2 in comparison with those found in the Portland cement paste are observed. As a consequence a decrease in strength and an
increase in porosity between hardened Portland cement paste without sodium carbonate and those modified by Na2CO3 are observed. C3A hydrates very quickly with sodium carbonate between 1st and 24th h forming hydration products rich in bound water and characterized also by complex salts of (x)C3A·(y)CO2·(zH2O type, whereas C3A-H2O system offers C3AH6 as the main hydration product. Higher content of the formed calcium aluminate hydrates in C3A-Na2CO3-H2O system also contributes to early strength increase of Portland cement paste. 相似文献
20.
P. Staszczuk D. Sternik G. W. Chądzyński E. Robens M. Błachnio 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》2006,86(1):133-136
Nitrogen
adsorption measured at 77 K was used to characterize the surface heterogeneity
of high-temperature superconductor surfaces. Properties relating to adsorption
and porosity of the solids (adsorption capacity, specific surface area, radii
and volume of the pores, pore-size distribution function) were determined
from nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms and atomic force microscopy
(AFM) for a series of oxide superconductors. It is shown that the adsorption
isotherms of all samples are S-shaped and belong to type II according to the
IUPAC classification. On the basis of the nitrogen adsorption isotherms and
AFM data, fractal dimensions were determined and correlations found with adsorption
and porosity parameters. 相似文献