A small high‐irradiance laser ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer

A small high‐irradiance laser ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer (LI‐TOFMS) with orthogonal sample introduction was described. High irradiance of 6 × 10¹⁰ W/cm² at 532 nm from a Nd : YAG laser was applied in the experiment to get a high ionization degree in plasma and to dissociate the interferential polyatomic ions. Meanwhile, the interferential multiply charged ions resulted by high‐irradiance were nearly eliminated in the spectrum by utilizing helium as the buffer gas in the ion source due to three‐body recombination, which resulted in a relatively clean background. Improved signal stability was obtained by automated step moving of the sample stage in short time intervals. By using two sets of Einzel lens in transport system, nearly uniform relative sensitivity coefficients (RSCs) were achieved for most of metal elements including light ions which were detected in extremely low sensitivity in previous hexapole transportation instrument. The resolving power reaches 2200, and the detection limits (DLs) are 10^?6 g/g for metal elements in the steel standard. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

信号光束宽度对不同漂移误差的空间光通信系统误码率影响的研究

信号光束宽度直接影响着空间光通信系统误码性能,光束宽度的选择需要综合考虑多种因素。研究了激光在大气湍流中的光束漂移、光强闪烁和平均光强与光束宽度的关系,得到考虑漂移因素的光强闪烁和平均光强与光束宽度的关系。分析表明在弱湍流条件下,光强闪烁和平均光强与光束宽度和对准精度相关,讨论了在水平路径上未跟踪补偿和跟踪补偿的光束的光强闪烁和平均光强随光束宽度的变化趋势。利用数值方法得到光强闪烁最小、平均光强最大时的光束宽度取值区间,通过光强概率分布关系和实际应用要求实现了光束宽度的优化选取。结果表明,在相同系统信噪比情况下,跟踪光束与未跟踪光束相比,系统误码率低,光束宽度值相对较小,取值区间大。     

Strong signature of the active Sun in 100 years of terrestrial insolation data

Terrestrial solar irradiance data of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory from 1905 to 1954 and of Mauna Loa Observatory from 1958 to 2008 are analyzed. The analysis shows that, with changing solar activity, the atmosphere modifies the solar irradiance on the percentage level, in all likelihood via cosmic ray intensity variations produced by the active sun. The analysis strongly suggests that cosmic rays cause a large part of the atmospheric aerosols. These aerosols show specific absorption and scattering properties due to an inner structure of hydrated ionic centers, most probably of O₂^‐ and O₂⁺ produced by the cosmic rays.     

Influence of local waste burning on atmospheric aerosol properties in urban environment

Aerosols affect the radiative energy budget on both the regional and global scales. The wavelength-dependent aerosol optical depth (AOD) is a fundamental determinant of the amount by which extra-terrestrial incoming sunlight and outgoing terrestrial radiation are being attenuated in the atmosphere. The present study addresses the influence of local waste burning on aerosol characteristics, black carbon (BC) aerosol mass concentration and spectral solar irradiance using ground-based measurements over the tropical urban environment of Hyderabad, India. AOD has been observed to be maximum during burning days compared to normal days. Aerosol size spectra suggest bimodal distributions during pre-and post-burning periods and trimodal distributions during burning periods. Angstrom wavelength exponent estimated from spectral variation of AOD suggested dominance of accumulation mode particle loading during burning days compared to normal days. Diurnal variation of BC on normal days showed a broad nocturnal peak during ∼20:00 to ∼24:00 h with a maximum value of BC aerosol concentration of ∼14,000 ng m⁻³ whereas on local waste burning days enormous increases in BC concentrations have been observed with a peak at ∼60,000 ng m⁻³. Relative attenuation of global solar irradiance during burning days has been found to be of the order of 30% in the visible and 28% in the near-infrared regions. The results are discussed in detail in this paper.     

浅海遥感图片海底研究

利用海洋水色进行浅海水深反演,国内外已经提出了很多方法,并建立了各种模型。在他们的反演系统中,无一例外的要运用不同的水下测试仪器进行某些信息的提取,利用提取的信息确定参数,从而完成水深反演。在脱离任何水下测试仪器的情况下,仅通过卫星图片或航空图片提取浅海水深信息,利用海洋水色变化的基本原理,讨论了辐照度与波长以及水深的关系,模拟了浅海水下地形,并通过三维立体形式演示海底地貌。以遥感图片和数码照片为例,分别模拟了所拍摄地区的浅海海底概貌。结果表明,此方法具有一定的可行性,可以进行更深层次的研究,并可应用于航海安全保证、大陆架遥感测绘和环境检测等多个领域。     

塔式太阳能热发电系统聚焦光斑能流密度的检测方法

提出了一种新型的基于间接测量原理的塔式太阳能热发电系统聚焦光斑能流密度的检测方法。该方法不需要使用量热计或能流密度探测器,使测量过程得以简化。利用同一部相机,在完全相同的相机参数设置下,拍摄太阳和聚焦光斑的图像,根据当前的太阳直射辐射值,标定相机的像素灰度值与聚焦光斑能流密度值的比例因子,进而得出聚焦光斑的能流密度分布。详细阐述了该方法的测量原理,搭建了实验平台,并测量了一面小定日镜聚焦光斑的能流密度分布,验证了该方法的正确性和可行性。实验结果表明,该方法测得的峰值能流的相对误差小于5%,而系统的重复性误差约为1%。     

太阳辐照绝对辐射计与国际比对

为了测量太阳辐照度和地球辐射，研制了太阳辐照绝对辐射计（SIAR-1），对电校准腔型绝对辐射计进行了重要改进，提高了绝对精度。参加了世界气象组织在瑞士设立的世界辐射中心组织的第九届国际日射计比对，AIAR-1高于民办辐射基准0.08％。太阳辐照度监测器（STIM）同SIAR-1进行了比对，结果太阳辐照度监测器三台绝对辐射计之间平均值偏差为0.11％。SIAR-1辐射计与太阳辐照度监测器2号辐射计在0.09％以内符合。结论：太阳辐照度监测器绝对精度为0.16％。     

微型红外辐射探测芯片的设计及实验研究

针对太阳辐照度测量仪器高性能及微型化的要求,研究了一种绝对辐射计的关键器件——微机电系统(MEMS)微型红外辐射探测芯片.该芯片以在红外宽光谱范围内具备高吸收率的镍磷黑膜层吸收辐射,以高机械性能、高热导率且绝缘的金刚石材料作为基片,利用集成的薄膜电阻丝进行电加热等效.制备的镍磷黑红外吸收膜层的表面具有较多无规则微孔,其...     

空间目标观测辐照度特性建模及仿真

为提高对空间目标的探测与识别能力,从电磁散射理论出发,利用基尔霍夫近似法及双向反射分布函数,求出目标面元的辐射亮度,结合空间目标几何外形分析目标的散射特性,从而建立空间目标在天基空间观测系统入瞳处的观测辐照度模型.通过典型实例,仿真分析了某空间目标相对于某天基观测系统的最佳观测部位和弧段.研究结果表明,该方法能够有效地...     

AAA级太阳模拟器的设计与研制

完成了一种光谱匹配、辐照不均匀度和辐照不稳定度均能达到A级标准的AAA级太阳模拟器的设计与研制。介绍了太阳模拟器的光源选择和滤光片的设计,给出了太阳模拟器的光机结构,测量了太阳模拟器的各项技术指标。结果表明,太阳模拟器的光谱匹配在波长400～1 100 nm处满足ASTM E927-10中AM1.5G A级要求。在有效辐照面55 mm×55 mm内,其平均辐照度达到1 000 W/m2,辐照不均匀度达到1.35%,辐照不稳定度达到1.27%。测量数据显示设计的太阳模拟器满足ASTM E927-10的AAA级标准。