城市社区公园声景分布与景观特征关联性研究——以沈阳鲁迅公园为例*

城市社区公园为附近居民提供休憩与交往的公共空间,使用者是公园声景的创造者也是体验者。在公园设计中,将建成后的声景纳入考虑因素,在支持居民休闲活动的同时,创造良好的听觉环境体验,具有提升人居健康福祉和空间公平的现实意义。该研究以城市社区公园——沈阳鲁迅公园为研究对象,通过现场声景调查和使用者问卷,探究声景时空分布特征及居民体验;建构公园景观特征指数,探讨声景时空分布与景观特征的关联性。数据表明：自然声、居民活动声和周围道路交通声构成公园丰富的声景要素,园区内声压级、各类声事件感知显著性呈现不同的时空分布特征;受访者对典型声事件的愉悦性和干扰性评价呈现聚类性特征;以此为基础构建的表征公园景观特征的自然指数、人群聚集指数和交通影响指数,其分别与对应声事件的感知显著性显著相关。基于景观特征与声景分布的关联性,结合公园使用者的声景体验,提出与公园景观设计相结合的社区公园声景优化策略。     

Multifractal analysis of polyalanines time series

Multifractal properties of the energy time series of short α-helix structures, specifically from a polyalanine family, are investigated through the MF-DFA technique (multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis). Estimates for the generalized Hurst exponent h(q) and its associated multifractal exponents τ(q) are obtained for several series generated by numerical simulations of molecular dynamics in different systems from distinct initial conformations. All simulations were performed using the GROMOS force field, implemented in the program THOR. The main results have shown that all series exhibit multifractal behavior depending on the number of residues and temperature. Moreover, the multifractal spectra reveal important aspects of the time evolution of the system and suggest that the nucleation process of the secondary structures during the visits on the energy hyper-surface is an essential feature of the folding process.     

Effects of the heterogeneous landscape on a predator-prey system

In order to understand how a heterogeneous landscape affects a predator-prey system, a spatially explicit lattice model consisting of predators, prey, grass, and landscape was constructed. The predators and preys randomly move on the lattice space and the grass grows in its neighboring site according to its growth probability. When predators and preys meet at the same site at the same time, a number of prey, equal to the number of predators are eaten. This rule was also applied to the relationship between the prey and grass. The predator (prey) could give birth to an offspring when it ate prey (grass), with a birth probability. When a predator or prey animal was initially introduced, or newly born, its health state was set at a given high value. This health state decreased by one with every time step. When the state of an animal decreased to less than zero, the animal died and was removed from the system. The heterogeneous landscape was characterized by parameter H, which controlled the heterogeneity according to the neutral model. The simulation results showed that H positively or negatively affected a predator’s survival, while its effect on prey and grass was less pronounced. The results can be understood by the disturbance of the balance between the prey and predator densities in the areas where the animals aggregated.     

基于土地利用格局的浙中城市群区域景观稳定性研究

土地利用/覆盖变化不仅影响城市生态系统的平衡, 而且会引发很多复杂的社会问题, 成为地理学人地关系综合研究热点领域. 本文运用1990、2000和2014年的遥感影像数据, 在标准假彩色分类基础上, 计算景观指数并构建景观稳定性模型, 解析土地利用视角下浙中城市群区域的景观稳定性变化. 研究发现: (1)1990~2014年的24a间, 林地占土地总面积的百分比逐年递增, 其中1990~2000年增长较少, 2000~2014年增长较多; 水域占比逐年下降, 1990~2000年从4.94%降到2.90%; 随着建设用地的逐年上涨, 耕地和未利用地的占比逐年下降; 浙中城市群东北方向微量的湿地, 24a间面积占比下降了近一半, 从0.31%降到0.16%. (2)景观结构及其变化表明, 城市的斑块形状从简单化向复杂化发展, 这与城市的发展由无序到有序, 低级到高级的过程相一致; 耕地、林地和湿地受人类活动的影响逐渐加剧, 抗干扰能力减弱. (3)浙中城市群的景观稳定性从1990年到2000年大幅度下降, 2000年到2014年增强; 类型尺度上, 除未利用地外的其他5类景观的稳定性都经历了先降低后增强的过程, 而未利用地的稳定性从1990年开始持续增强, 2000年到2014年间虽有所下降但下降幅度不大.     

Dynamic disorder characteristics of single-molecule pulling experiments on two-dimensional free-energy landscape

The dynamic characteristic of macromolecule is mainly subject to the fluctuation of rate constant and this phenomenon is usually considered as dynamic disorder (DD). In order to detect the DD nature in the bio-molecule system more accurately, here we propose a theoretical framework based on the two-dimensional (2D) free-energy landscape including the pulling coordinate and other slow conformational variables. The generalized Langevin equation (GLE) with fractional Gaussian noise (fGn) and the power-law memory kernel are used on this landscape for the research. The transition rate, which depends on both intrinsic barrier height and noise strength ratio, has been analyzed under the condition of external force. The particular discrepancies were investigated between the kinetics of the transitions with and without DD. We find that the discrepancies relied on the barrier height and the noise strength ratio. Taken together, our study illustrates the importance of the DD characteristics, which should be taken into account during the research into the single-molecule pulling experiments.     

Strukturkandidaten für Alkalimetallnitride

Structure Candidates for the Alkali Metal Nitrides The energy landscapes of the alkali metal nitrides Li₃N, Na₃N, K₃N, Rb₃N, and Cs₃N have been investigated, using global optimisation techniques and the energy lid method. For each compound, a large number of kinetically stable modifications capable of existence have been found. The compound Na₃N has been analyzed in greater detail, and a number of promising (metastable) structures have been identified.     

Generalizing Boltzmann Configurational Entropy to Surfaces,Point Patterns and Landscape Mosaics

Several methods have been recently proposed to calculate configurational entropy, based on Boltzmann entropy. Some of these methods appear to be fully thermodynamically consistent in their application to landscape patch mosaics, but none have been shown to be fully generalizable to all kinds of landscape patterns, such as point patterns, surfaces, and patch mosaics. The goal of this paper is to evaluate if the direct application of the Boltzmann relation is fully generalizable to surfaces, point patterns, and landscape mosaics. I simulated surfaces and point patterns with a fractal neutral model to control their degree of aggregation. I used spatial permutation analysis to produce distributions of microstates and fit functions to predict the distributions of microstates and the shape of the entropy function. The results confirmed that the direct application of the Boltzmann relation is generalizable across surfaces, point patterns, and landscape mosaics, providing a useful general approach to calculating landscape entropy.     

Error Estimate for Semi-implicit Method of Sphere-Constrained High-Index Saddle Dynamics*

The authors prove error estimates for the semi-implicit numerical scheme of sphere-constrained high-index saddle dynamics, which serves as a powerful instrument in finding saddle points and constructing the solution landscapes of constrained systems on the high-dimensional sphere. Due to the semi-implicit treatment and the novel computational procedure, the orthonormality of numerical solutions at each time step could not be fully employed to simplify the derivations, and the computations of the state variable and directional vectors are coupled with the retraction, the vector transport and the orthonormalization procedure, which significantly complicates the analysis. They address these issues to prove error estimates for the proposed semi-implicit scheme and then carry out numerical experiments to substantiate the theoretical findings.     

大型综合医院室外声景观评价影响因素分析 ——以长沙市中心医院为例*

本文通过定点实测结合问卷调查的方式,对长沙市中心医院室外声景观进行调查评价并通过主成分分析法、多因素方差法等对评价结果进行分析,探究影响评价声景观评价结果的因素。结果表明：(1)调查时间、调查地点的声音类型、受访者身份、室外停留时间和来往目的等因素会对声景观评价结果产生影响,而受访者的年龄、性别、职业等社会因素则不会产生影响；(2)声景观整体满意度一般,医院员工和病患较其他人员、工作日较休息日的改进意愿更加强烈,语义词调查结果整体偏向贬义负值,病患和建筑出入口区域的评价结果更偏向主观消极感强烈的词汇；(3)主观响度评价结果为机械声＞社会活动声＞自然声,舒适度和好感度与之相反。受访身份对主观响度评价结果影响不大,但会对舒适度和好感度的评价结果产生影响,病患对警铃声和医疗设备声的好感度和舒适度明显更低；(4)医院停留时间、室外停留时间和目的等行为因素与声景观评价结果呈现较强的相关性。