Radiation damage in polymer films from grazing‐incidence X‐ray scattering measurements

Grazing‐incidence X‐ray scattering (GIXS) is widely used to analyze the crystallinity and nanoscale structure in thin polymer films. However, ionizing radiation will generate free radicals that initiate crosslinking and/or chain scission, and structural damage will impact the ordering kinetics, thermodynamics, and crystallinity in many polymers. We report a simple methodology to screen for beam damage that is based on lithographic principles: films are exposed to patterns of X‐ray radiation, and changes in polymer structure are revealed by immersing the film in a solvent that dissolves the shortest chains. The experiments are implemented with high throughput using the standard beam line instrumentation and a typical GIXS configuration. The extent of damage (at a fixed radiation dose) depends on a range of intrinsic material properties and experimental variables, including the polymer chemistry and molecular weight, exposure environment, film thickness, and angle of incidence. The solubility switch for common polymers is detected within 10–60 s at ambient temperature, and we verified that this first indication of damage corresponds with the onset of network formation in glassy polystyrene and a loss of crystallinity in polyalkylthiophenes. Therefore, grazing‐incidence X‐ray “patterning” offers an efficient approach to determine the appropriate data acquisition times for any GIXS experiment. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016 , 54, 1074–1086     

K-Theory for the Integer Heisenberg Groups

We give a closed formula for topological K-theory of the homogeneous space N/, where is the standard integer lattice in the simply connected Heisenberg Lie group N of dimension 2n+1, n . The main tools in our calculations are obtained by computing diagonal forms for certain incidence matrices that arise naturally in combinatorics.     

Eight and seven point degenerations of Miquel's Theorem in Laguerre planes

For M?bius planes Schaeffer [9] has proved that all seven point degenerations of Miquel's Theorem characterize miquelian M?bius planes. For Laguerre planes we have several degenerations of Miquel's Theorem with eight and seven points. We prove that all except one of these degenerations characterize miquelian Laguerre planes. The remaining degeneration characterizes elation Laguerre planes. Received 14 September 2001; revised 1 September 2002.     

一种时间分辨三通道软X射线光谱仪

报道了时间分辨的三通道软X射线光谱仪研制工作，重点介绍了研制的三通道能谱仪的工作原理以及210 eV，420 eV和900 eV三个能区的设计参数，谱仪在上海神光Ⅱ高功率激光器三倍频实验中进行了多次实时考核，取得较好实验结果，将多道平面镜、滤光片成功配接于高时间分辨X射线条纹相机上，使该谱仪在亚千电子伏能区内，可同时进行三个波段软X射线的时间和空间分辨测量，提供的实验结果也表明：X射线平面镜结合滤光片的分光技术可应用于高时间分辨的X射线条纹相机上，从而获得高达10 ps的时间分辨. 关键词： 软X射线条纹相机 平面镜 滤光片 掠入射     

高斯光束斜入射法布里-珀罗干涉腔后的反射光强分布

基于多光束干涉原理,推导了高斯光束斜入射法布里-珀罗干涉仪后的反射光强表达式.在此基础之上数值研究了入射角对高斯光束的反射特性的影响.研究结果表明:当法布里-珀罗干涉腔的腔长满足反共振时,随着入射角的增大,反射光的光强分散,峰值强度下降后呈现出幅度衰减的波动;峰值位置随着入射角的增大,呈现出幅度越来越小的振荡偏移;光斑大小随入射角的增大,呈现出幅度减小的振荡.     

Wave propagation in stereo-lithographical (STL) bone replicas at oblique incidence

Comparisons between predictions of a Biot-Allard model allowing for angle-dependent elasticity and angle-and-porosity dependent tortuosity and transmission data obtained at normal incidence on water-saturated replica bones are extended to oblique incidence. The model includes two parameters which are adjusted for best fit at normal incidence. Using the same parameter values, it is found that predictions of the variation of transmitted waveforms with angle through two types of bone replica are in reasonable agreement with data despite the fact that scattering is not included in the theory.     

A note on optimality conditions for the Euclidean. Multifacility location problem

Thekey problem of the Euclidean multifacility location (EMFL) problem is to decide whether a givendead point is optimal. If it is not optimal, we wish to compute a descent direction. This paper extends the optimality conditions of Calamai and Conn and Overton to the case when the rows of the active constraints matrix are linearly dependent. We show that linear dependence occurs wheneverG, the graph of the coinciding facilities, has a cycle. In this case the key problem is formulated as a linear least squares problem with bounds on the Euclidean norms of certain subvectors.     

X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy of galvannealed coatings on steel

The formation of Fe–Zn intermetallic compounds, as relevant in the commercial product galvannealed steel sheet, was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and different methods of X-ray diffraction. A scanning electron microscope with high resolution was applied to investigate the layers of the galvannealed coating and its topography. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GID) was preferred over conventional Bragg–Brentano geometry for analysing thin crystalline layers because of its lower incidence angle α and its lower depth of information. Furthermore, in situ experiments at an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) with an internal heating plate and at an X-ray diffractometer equipped with a high-temperature chamber were carried out. Thus, it was possible to investigate the phase evolution during heat treatment by X-ray diffraction and to display the growth of the ζ crystals in the ESEM.     

横向数据中累加死亡率的估计-附脑血管病实例

本文用现时寿命表中计算平均寿命的基本假定,讨论估计横向数据的累加死亡率问题.本公式也适用于累加发病率及任何非医学领域中某种指标的累加发生率等问题.文中使用了一个脑血管病实例.     

Design of laser interferometric system for measurement of gear tooth flank

A laser interferometric system (LIS) based on oblique incidence and phase shifting technique has been designed for the measurement of gear tooth flank. For a spur involute gear with a module of 2.0, 60 teeth, and a 20-mm facewidth, some critical parameters of the LIS are calculated, the oblique incidence angle is 84.5°, the beam diameter is 20 mm, and the focal length of imaging lens is 100 mm, and the resolution of CCD camera is 1360 × 1024 pixels. To test the capability of the designed LIS, the numerical simulation is done for the LIS. The actual LIS is built on an optical platform and the experiment is carried out. Both interference fringe patterns from the numerical simulation and the actual experiment are good and coincident with each other, which show the designed LIS is feasible.