Local chemical state change in Co–O resistance random access memory

Kelvin probe force microscopy (KFM) and conductive atomic force microscopy (C‐AFM) together with micro X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were performed for the stacking structure comprising of the transition metal oxide Co–O and metal electrode, which exhibits large reproducible resistance switching. The application of the external voltage by the C‐AFM cantilever decreases the resistance of Co–O, which well accords with the non‐polar forming process observed in the Pt/Co–O/Pt trilayer, known as the candidate of resistance random access memory (ReRAM). Furthermore, the KFM and micro XPS experimentally revealed that the local reductive reaction of Co–O possibly nucleates the defect related energy levels which dominates the current conduction in the low resistance state. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Association Constant Prediction for the Inclusion of α-Cyclodextrin with Benzene Derivatives by an Artificial Neural Network

The association constants (K_a) for the inclusion complexation of h313137173206468/xxlarge945.gif" alt="agr" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">-cyclodextrin (h313137173206468/xxlarge945.gif" alt="agr" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">-CD) with 72 mono- and 1,4-disubstituted benzenes were predicted successfully by an artificial neural network (ANN) with molar refraction (R_m) and hydrophobic constant (h313137173206468/xxlarge960.gif" alt="pgr" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">) as input parameters, which reflect the volume and hydrophobicity of the substituents respectively. The predictions strongly suggested that the inclusion complexation of h313137173206468/xxlarge945.gif" alt="agr" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">-CD with guest molecules was mainly driven by van der Waals forces and hydrophobic interactions     

The Renormalization Group and Its Finite Lattice Approximations

We investigate finite lattice approximations to the Wilson renormalization group in models of unconstrained spins. We discuss first the properties of the renormalization group transformation (RGT) that control the accuracy of this type of approximation and explain different methods and techniques to practically identify them. We also discuss how to determine the anomalous dimension of the field. We apply our considerations to a linear sigma model in two dimensions in the domain of attraction of the Ising fixed point using a Bell–Wilson RGT. We are able to identify optimal RGTs which allow accurate computations of quantities such as critical exponents, fixed-point couplings and eigenvectors with modest statistics. We finally discuss the advantages and limitations of this type of approach.     

Equivariant Riemann–Roch for G ‐Quasi‐Projective Varieties‐I

Let G denote a complex linear algebraic group. In this paper we establish several forms of equivariant Riemann–Roch valid for the category of Gh10/xxlarge8208.gif" alt="dash" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">quasih10/xxlarge8208.gif" alt="dash" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">projective complex varieties. The main application is to the operation of convolution that appears in the construction of modules over convolution algebras, for example the Hecke algebras associated to a complex reductive group as well as in the representation theory of quantum groups. The paper concludes with a discussion of some of these applications. The results in this paper hold mostly at the level of Grothendieck groups. The second part of this paper will discuss the extension to higher Kh10/xxlarge8208.gif" alt="dash" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">theory in detail.     

Evidence of radial-axial motion couplings in an rf stored ion cloud

Received: 21 February 1997/Revised version: 13 May 1997     

Self consistent modified extended Hückel (SC-MEH) calculations on heavy metal systems. I. Platinum(II) tetragonal planar complexes with and without relativistic effects

The Self Consistent Modified Extended Hückel molecular orbital method had been applied to several square planar complexes of platinum (II). Calculations including both the limited 5d, 6s, 6p and extended 5s, 5p, 5d, 6s, 6p starting bases for platinum were made. It is shown that in PtCl ₄ ^2– both the nuclear quadrupole moment and minimum total energy vs. bond distance are calculated to be in good agreement with experiment, only with the extended platinum AO basis.Specific inclusion of relativistic parameters via a pseudo-relativistic approximation are shown to have a significant effect on the energy molecular energy levels, however no meaningful rationalization can be made without the simultaneous inclusion of ligand field parameters as well.Supported in part by a grant made available through the Cancer Association of Greater New Orleans. Use of the facilities of the Computer Research Center of the University of New Orleans is gratefully acknowledged.     

Intercalates of α-Sn(HP04)2·H2O with aromatic and heterocyclic bases and some comments on their orientation in the interlayer region

The intercalation of amines into h76h65h0763/xxlarge945.gif" alt="agr" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">-tin(IV) hydrogen phosphate, h76h65h0763/xxlarge945.gif" alt="agr" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">-Sn(HP0₄)₂·H₂0, (h76h65h0763/xxlarge945.gif" alt="agr" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">-SnP) can occur to give mono- or bilayers of the guest molecule. The distribution and orientation of the amines is influenced by geometrical factors, acidity of the guest molecule and moreover, the degree of charge localisation of the guest organic cations. Regarding the monolayer formation, there are two possibilities. The first is that aromatic amines form monolayers with parallel orientation of the amine with respect to the phosphate layer, when the charge is delocalised over the aromatic ring. Monolayer formation with perpendicular orientation occurs when the positive charge is localised in opposite parts of the aromatic ring molecule. Bilayer formation occurs when the positive charge is localised in one part of the molecule and simultaneous interaction with two adjacent layers is not possible.     

Shell energy in the heaviest nuclei using the Green’s function oscillator expansion method

The Greenh3674k4d012/xxlarge8217.gif" alt="rsquo" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">s function oscillator expansion method and the generalized Strutinsky smoothing procedure are applied to shell corrections in the heaviest elements. A macroscopic-microscopic method with a finite deformed Woods-Saxon potential is used. The stability condition for the shell correction is discussed in detail and the parameters defining the smoothing procedure are carefully determined. It is demonstrated that the spurious contribution to the total binding energy due to the unphysical particle gas that appears in the standard method can be as large as 1.5 MeV for weakly bound neutron-rich superheavy nuclei, but the effect on energy differences (e.g., alpha-decay values) is fairly small.     

Design Consideration for a Two-Distributed-Junction Tuning Circuit

We describe a novel method of designing a tuning circuit with two half-wave distributed junctions separated by a half-wavelength microstripline, which analytically determines the circuit parameters such as the minimum current density of the junctions and the characteristic impedances of the distributed junctions and the microstripline. The tuning circuit was approximated by simple transmission theory and then simplified with ideal circuit components for analysis. We applied Chebyshevh7w73236u251j069/xxlarge8217.gif" alt="rsquo" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">s band-pass filter theory, in part, to optimize the circuit design. The analytical results revealed that a high characteristic-impedance ratio between the distributed junctions and the microstripline is necessary to obtain broadband matching using low-current-density junctions. The experimental results for all-NbN SIS mixers we designed with this method demonstrated double-sideband (DSB) receiver-noise temperatures of 6–10 quanta from 710 to 810 GHz for a mixer with a current density of only 4 kA/cm² (estimated h7w73236u251j069/xxlarge969.gif" alt="ohgr" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">C_JR_N product of 37 at 750 GHz). The RF bandwidth was broader than that of a conventional full-wave distributed SIS mixer with the same current density.     

Calculation of the Slip Velocity of a Rarefied Gas on a Solid Spherical Surface with Allowance for Accommodation Coefficients

The slip velocity of a rarefied gas with inhomogeneous temperature and mass velocity on a solid spherical surface is calculated with the use of a twoh221881059313/xxlarge8208.gif" alt="dash" align="MIDDLE" BORDER="0">moment boundary condition in the linear approximation in terms of the Knudsen number. The dependence of the slip velocity on accommodation coefficients of the two first moments of the distribution function is studied.