Beyond Donor–Acceptor (D–A) Approach: Structure–Optoelectronic Properties—Organic Photovoltaic Performance Correlation in New D–A1–D–A2 Low‐Bandgap Conjugated Polymers

Low‐bandgap near‐infrared polymers are usually synthesized using the common donor–acceptor (D–A) approach. However, recently polymer chemists are introducing more complex chemical concepts for better fine tuning of their optoelectronic properties. Usually these studies are limited to one or two polymer examples in each case study so far, though. In this study, the dependence of optoelectronic and macroscopic (device performance) properties in a series of six new D–A₁–D–A₂ low bandgap semiconducting polymers is reported for the first time. Correlation between the chemical structure of single‐component polymer films and their optoelectronic properties has been achieved in terms of absorption maxima, optical bandgap, ionization potential, and electron affinity. Preliminary organic photovoltaic results based on blends of the D–A₁–D–A₂ polymers as the electron donor mixed with the fullerene derivative [6,6]‐phenyl‐C₇₁‐butyric acid methyl ester demonstrate power conversion efficiencies close to 4% with short‐circuit current densities (J _sc) of around 11 mA cm⁻², high fill factors up to 0.70, and high open‐circuit voltages (V _ocs) of 0.70 V. All the devices are fabricated in an inverted architecture with the photoactive layer processed in air with doctor blade technique, showing the compatibility with roll‐to‐roll large‐scale manufacturing processes.

     

General decay of solutions of a wave equation with memory term and acoustic boundary condition

In this paper, the global solvability to the mixed problem involving the wave equation with memory term and acoustic boundary conditions for non‐locally reacting boundary is considered. Moreover, the general decay of the energy functionality is established by the techniques of Messaoudi. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of acoustic disturbances on a free convective flow

A gas-dynamic flow in an axisymmetric convective jet is studied experimentally. It is demonstrated that the jet flow with Grashof numbers Gr = (0.4–2.0) · 10⁶ is self-similar. Acoustic oscillations directed perpendicular to the axis of symmetry transform the profiles of the gas-flow parameters; two temperature maximums located outside the axis can appear. The results obtained indicate that flow instability is generated in high-gradient regions. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 47, No. 5, pp. 27–33, September–October, 2006.     

Disturbance convection velocity in turbulent jets under aeroacoustic excitation

The velocity of propagation of toroidal and oblique vortices formed in subsonic and supersonic turbulent jets under longitudinal internal and transverse external excitation by finite-amplitude saw-tooth acoustic waves is studied experimentally. It is demonstrated that the convection velocity of vortices is not constant, and the character of its variation depends on the vortex shape. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 48, No. 5, pp. 21–25, September–October, 2007.     

Constitutive computational modelling foundation of piezoelectronic microstructures and application to high-frequency microchip DSAW resonators

This paper establishes a piezoelectric constitutive computational approach based on generalized eigenvalue and multivariable finite element solutions with potential applications to accurate and effective analysis of layered piezoelectric microstructures of arbitrary geometries and different anisotropic materials, to ease the limitation of current computer capacity in analyzing large-scale high-frequency disturbed surface acoustic waves (DSAW) by mounted electrodes in piezoelectric devices such as microchip SAW resonators. A new incompatible generalized hybrid/mixed element GQM5 is also proposed for improving predictions of the piezoelectric surface mount thermal stresses that are shear-dominated. The (generalized) plane strain constitutive model is numerically verified for piezoelectric finite element computation. With the help of computational piezoelectricity (electro-mechanics) for general layered structures with metal electrodes and anisotropic piezoelectric substrates, some new interesting, reliable and fundamental constitutive finite element results are obtained for high-frequency piezoelectric and mechanical SAW propagations and can be used for further applications. The ST-cut FEA results agree quite well with available exact and lab solutions for free surface case. The project supported by SRF for ROCS, SEM of China, the past Rutgers Univer-Seiko Epson Joint Fund and Zhejiang Provincial NSF     

声焦散线及其与应力强度因子的关系

 根据焦散线的形成原理，以及含I型裂纹试件受力前后光程差与 声程差表达式的相似性，提出了声焦散线的概念，得到了声焦散线沿 横向最大尺寸与应力强度因子的关系，为通过声焦散线法确定应力强 度因子打下了基础.     

求解二维结构-声耦合问题的一种半数值半解析方法

基于传递矩阵法和虚拟源强模拟技术提出了一种求解在谐激励作用下二维结构-声相互作用问题的半数值半解析法．在足够小的积分步长内，文中对任意形状弹性环沿周向曲线坐标的非齐次状态微分方程组，建立了一种齐次扩容方法．对于外声场，采用多圆形虚拟源强配置方案。并在每一条圆形配置曲线上将源强密度函数用Fourier级数展开，同时结合快速Fourier变换法，提出了一种高精度、高效率求解任意形状二维孔穴Helmholtz外问题的快速算法．在耦合方程的求解方面，根据叠加原理，将外激励和虚拟源强的Fourier级数展开项作为广义力分别作用在弹性环上，借助齐次扩容方法和精细积分法求得弹性环的状态向量，再利用流固交接条件和最小二乘法直接建立了耦合系统的求解方程．文中给出了二个典型弹性环在集中谐激励力作用下声辐射算例，计算结果表明该文方法较通常采用的混合FE-BE法更为有效．     

Noise Field in the Human Chest Due to Turbulent Flow in a Larger Blood Vessel

An acoustic model of a larger human blood vessel is developed. This model takes into account the main features of the acoustic generation and propagation of noise in the human chest from the source (turbulent pressure fluctuations in blood flow) to a receiver resting on the skin, and allows the consideration of a simple stenotic narrowing in the vessel. The low Mach number turbulent wall pressure models of Corcos, Chase, Ffowcs Williams, and Smol'yakov and Tkachenko are used to describe random sources in the vessel. The relationships obtained permit one to analyse the dependence of the resultant acoustic field in the thorax on the parameters of the blood flow and the vessel, and show the possibility of finding characteristic signs of the presence of a stenosis by comparison of noise fields from intact and diseased arteries. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Experimental study and direct numerical simulation of the evolution of disturbances in a viscous shock layer on a flat plate

The evolution of disturbances in a hypersonic viscous shock layer on a flat plate excited by slow-mode acoustic waves is considered numerically and experimentally. The parameters measured in the experiments performed with a free-stream Mach number M _∞ = 21 and Reynolds number Re _L = 1.44 · 10⁵ are the transverse profiles of the mean density and Mach number, the spectra of density fluctuations, and growth rates of natural disturbances. Direct numerical simulation of propagation of disturbances is performed by solving the Navier-Stokes equations with a high-order shock-capturing scheme. The numerical and experimental data characterizing the mean flow field, intensity of density fluctuations, and their growth rates are found to be in good agreement. Possible mechanisms of disturbance generation and evolution in the shock layer at hypersonic velocities are discussed. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 47, No. 5, pp. 3–15, September–October, 2006.