多元线性回归中度量影响的置信域体积比统计量

本文从多元线性回归模型回归系数的椭球置信域出发,导出度量影响的置信域体积比诊断统计量,并给出了它在协方差矩阵未知时的近似表达式。     

Supporting complex group decisions: A probabilistic multi-dimensional scaling approach

Groups often face complex decisions; decisions in which the decision alternatives are not clearly defined and the criteria for choosing an alternative are subject to dispute within the group. We present a Group Decision Support System that will use judgments from the group to visualize the decision problem in a probabilistic geometric space. In this geometric representation, actual decision alternatives and an ideal alternative—an artificial alternative that identifies the ideal solution to the group's decision dilemma—are portrayed as distributions in a multi-dimensional space. Dispersions of the distributions measure the uncertainties of the decision process. The psychometric theory used to develop the probabilistic geometric representation is described. Preliminary research is presented which demonstrates that geometric representations of this type help groups both to understand better the decision they face and to find better solutions.     

A ratio scale metric and the compatibility of ratio scales: The possibility of arrow's impossibility theorem

We develop a metric for ratio scales and explore the notion of compatibility of two sets of measurements of a set of objects or properties on a ratio scale. We briefly address Arrow's impossibility theorem. We maintain that it is not as impossible as claimed when, as in reality, a certain degree of inconsistency and incompatibility are allowed.     

比光谱导数分光光度法同时测定微量钙,镁

本文采用比光谱导数分光光度法，研究了以铬天青Ｓ为显色剂，溴化十六烷基三甲铵为增溶剂的Ｃａ，Ｍｇ混合显色体系的测定方法，探讨了显色条件，测定波长及求导计算时波长间距的选择等问题，应用于合成样品和实际水样的分析，获得了良好的结果。     

金等离子体中类Ni和类Ga离子跃迁子阵强度比研究

用Cowan 的原子结构从头算程序和SOSA模型计算各阶电离的金离子的能级结构和跃迁过程,在简化的碰撞辐射模型下求解能级布居数方程,计算了给定密度、不同电子温度下的金等离子体的理论合成谱.研究了类Ni和类Ga离子之间的共振线的强度比随电子温度的变化规律,利用这一变化规律可以为等离子体诊断提供辅助的方法.     

Diagnostic assessment of children’s proportional reasoning

A proportional reasoning item bank was created from the relevant literature and tested in various forms. Rasch analyses of 303 pupils’ test results were used to calibrate the bank, and data from 84 pupils’ interviews was used to confirm our diagnostic interpretations. A number of sub-tests were scaled, including parallel ‘without models’ and ‘with models’ forms. We provide details of the 13-item ‘without models’ test which was formed from the ‘richest’ diagnostic items and verified on a further test sample (N=212, ages 10-13). Two scales were constructed for this test, one that measures children’s ‘ratio attainment’ and one that measures their ‘tendency for additive strategy.’ Other significant errors — ‘incorrect build-up,’ ‘magical doubling/halving,’ ‘constant sum’ and ‘incomplete reasoning’ — were identified. Finally, an empirical hierarchy of pupils’ attainment of proportional reasoning was formed, incorporating the significant errors and the additive scale.     

Fully developed flow in a curved pipe of arbitrary curvature ratio

It is generally assumed in curved pipe flow analyses that the curvature ratio, δ, of the pipe is very small, in which case the flow depends on a single parameter, the Dean number. This is not the case if δ is not very small. To determine the importance of this effect we have numerically solved the full Navier-Stokes equations, in primitive variable form, for arbitrary values of δ. A factored ADI finite-difference scheme has been used, employing Chorin's artificial compressibility technique. The results show that the central-difference calculation on a staggered grid is stable, without adding artificial damping terms, due to coupling between pressure and velocity. A spatially variable time step is used with a fixed Courant number.     

Simulation Results for DWDM Systems with Ultra-High Capacity

We present stimulation results for DWDM systems with an ultra-high capacity up to 1.28 Tbit/s and spectral efficiency approaching 0.4 bit/s/Hz. The impact of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) on parameters such as channel spacing, length of fiber, dispersion, and number of channels has been investigated and the results obtained have been explained on the basis of fiber nonlinear effects. It has been shown that with an increase in channel spacing, the SNR increases to the maximum optimum value and then decreases to a steady value. With an increase in number of channels, the SNR decreases for small wavelength spacing. For large wavelength spacing, it becomes independent of the number of channels. Keeping channel spacing constant, the SNR decreases with an increase in the length of the fiber. The SNR also improves with a small increase in dispersion of the fiber. Further, it is observed that, with increase in length over dispersion-shifted fiber, the received power decreases and the bit error rate increases.     

Simulation and Experimental Study for Degradation of Organic Dyes Using Dual pin‐to‐plate Corona Discharge Plasma reactors for Industrial Wastewater Treatment

This work researches the possibility of increasing the dye removal efficiency from wastewater using nonthermal plasma. A study for the optimal air gap distance between dual pin and surface of Acid Blue 25 dye solution and thickness of ground plate is carried out using 3D‐EM simulator to find maximum electric field intensity at the tip of both pins. The consequences display that the best gap for corona discharge is approximately 5 mm using 15 kV source. In addition, the optimum plate thickness is 0.1 mm. These distance and thickness were mentioned are constant during the study of other factors. Dual pin‐to‐plate high‐voltage corona discharge plasma system is presented to investigation experimentally the gap distance, thickness of ground plate, initial dye concentration, pH solution and conductivity on the amount of Acid Blue 25 dye color removal efficiency from wastewater. There is a large consensus among the simulation and experimental work in the air gap and thickness of ground plate. Where the decolorization for air gap 5 mm is 95.74 at time 35 min compared with 91% and 17% for 1 mm and 20 mm gap distance respectively. Also, the discharge energy at each air gap are calculated. Measurement results for the impact of thickness of an Aluminum ground plate on color removal competence showed color removal efficiencies of 86.3%, 90.78% and 98.06%, after treatment time 15 min for thicknesses of 2, 0.5 and 0.1 mm respectively. The decolorization behavior utilizing dual pin‐to‐plate corona discharge plasma system display 82% pigment evacuation proficiency inside 11min. The complete decolorization was accomplished within 28min for distinctive examined introductory color focuses 5 ppm up to 100 ppm. Likewise, the impacts of conductivity by utilizing diverse salts as AlCl3, CaCl2, KCl and NaCl and with distinctive focuses have been explored. The rising of the solution conductivity leads to the reduction of decolorization efficiency. The decolorization efficiency and discharge energy are calculated at different concentration molarity for AlCl3, CaCl2, KCl and NaCl. It was observed that the presence of salts at the same concentration level substantially decreased the rate and the extent of decolorization. The results indicate that the optimum pH for the decolorization of Acid Blue 25 dye is in the range between 3 and 6. Furthermore the conductivity and discharge energy were measurement at each value of pH. Energy yield for decolorization and Electrical Energy per Order (EE/O) under different initial pH value were calculated. A kinetic model is used to define the performance of corona discharge system under different value of pH. The model of pseudo ‐zero, pseudo‐first order, and pseudo‐second order reactions kinetic are utilized to investigate the decolorization of Acid Blue 25 dye. The rate of degradation of Acid Blue 25 dye follows the pseudo‐first order kinetics in the dye concentration. Energy consumption requirements for decolorization was considered. The outcomes will be useful for designing the plasma treatment systems suitable for industrial wastewaters. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)