一种毛细管聚焦的便携式微束X射线荧光谱仪

基于毛细管X光透镜技术的便携式能量色散X射线荧光分析因其无损分析等优点成为分析文物样品的有利工具。但由于文物样品的表面不平整或弧度以及毛细管X光透镜聚焦X射线的特点，导致在测量过程中样品测量点与毛细管X光透镜出端之间的距离产生变化，引起照射样品的X射线束斑大小发生改变，从而影响测量结果的准确性和元素区域扫描的分辨率。介绍了本实验室自行研发的一种新型便携式微束X射线荧光谱仪，此谱仪主要是由SDD X射线探测器、30 W低功率X射线管、毛细管X光透镜、CCD和一个新型闭环控制系统构成。该闭环控制系统是在激光位移传感器能够精确控制样品测量点到毛细管X光透镜出端距离的基础上，结合LabVIEW语言环境下开发的计算机控制程序以及步进电机、样品台等器件组成。基于此系统，该实验室研发的便携式微束X射线荧光谱仪在测量过程中可以时刻保证照射样品的X射线光斑大小固定不变。同时，该谱仪还可以通过调整样品测量点到透镜出端的距离来选择不同尺寸的X射线照射光斑。为了验证设备的可行性，使用该便携式微束X射线荧光谱仪在激活激光位移传感器和关闭激光位移传感器两种情况下测量了一块表面不平整古陶瓷样品釉彩层中K，Ca，Zn和Fe等元素的含量及分布，并将测量结果进行了对比。结果显示，在激活激光位移传感器的情况下测得的样品微区元素含量与真实值较接近，扫描区域元素分布图的分辨率更好，表明本谱仪基于激光位移传感器开发的自动调整样品测量点到透镜出口端距离的闭环控制系统能有效的减少由于样品表面不平整或弧度带来的测量误差，弥补了现有微束X射线荧光谱仪在此方面的不足。因此，本便携式微束X射线荧光谱仪在无损分析检测文物方面具有潜在的应用前景。     

A switchable-oxidative cellulose filter paper bearing immobilized Mn(III)-salen complex for alcohol oxidation

Surface modifications of polysaccharide filter papers can alter their catalytic properties significantly. In particular, polysaccharides have gained increasing interest in the development of heterogeneous catalysts. This wok introduces a new approach to the heterogeneous/ sustainable catalytic system preparation based on a catalytic filter paper modified by silylation followed by immobilization of a Mn(III)-salen complex as a novel “catalytic filtration” or “portable catalysis”. Oxidation of alcohols as well as direct conversion of alcohols to Schiff bases and oximes were performed by filtration and passing the reactants through the modified filter paper. Oxidation of benzyl alcohol in the presence of molecular oxygen and NaOCl, selectively leads to aldehydes and carboxylic acids, respectively. The direct conversion of alcohols to Schiff bases and oximes resulted in the formation of insoluble products on the filter paper. Another advantage of the modified filter paper was its stability and reusability for several times with preservation of the catalytic activity and swellability, which no shrinkage during consecutive wetting–drying cycles was observed. Also, a deep study was conducted over mechanism, reusability/stability, and control experiments of the alcohol oxidation. This study gave new insights into the catalytic propensities of a cellulose filter paper via filtration of reactants.     

便携式短波近红外光谱仪器检测土壤总氮含量研究

基于便携式短波近红外光谱技术检测了土壤总氮含量。采集浙江省文城地区农田土壤样本243个,将土壤样本分为三组,一组未经过粉碎、过筛等处理,一组做过2 mm筛处理,一组过0.5 mm筛过处理,采用usb4000便携式光谱获取土壤光谱数据,结合(savitzky-golay, SG)平滑算法,波长压缩算法和小波变换对原始数据进行预处理,然后采用竞争性自适应重加权、随机青蛙和连续投影算法进行特征波长选择。基于全光谱建立了偏最小二乘回归和基于特征波长建立了极限学习机和LS-SVM模型。结果表明过筛处理后的样本模型结果优于未过筛的样本模型结果,过0.5 mm筛处理的土壤样本模型预测结果略优于过2 mm筛处理的土壤样本模型预测结果,最优预测集的决定系数为0.63,预测均方根误差为0.007 9,剩余预测偏差为1.58。表明便携式仪器检测土壤总氮含量,经过过筛处理的土壤样品检测结果优于未过筛土壤样品检测结果,建议土壤样品检测总氮含量时需经过过筛处理,这样得到的结果较为理想,在此基础上采用性能较好的光谱仪器采集数据,以减小原始光谱噪声。     

Portable Analyzer for Rapid Analysis of Total Protein, Fat and Lactose Contents in Raw Milk Measured by Non-dispersive Short-wave Near-infrared Spectrometry

A novel portable analyzer for raw milk quality control during the material purchase at dairy plants was developed, by which the percentages(mass fraction) of main components including total protein, fat, and lactose of an unhomogenized milk sample could be determinated in 1 min with the help of non-dispersive short-wave near-infrared (NDSWNIR) spectrometry in a wavelength range from 600 nm to 1100 nm and multivariate calibration. The analyzer was designed with a single-beam optical system, which comprised a temperature control module, a multi-channel narrow-band light source(16 wavelengths), a glass absorption cell with 15 mm sample thickness, a silicon photodiode detector, several compound lenses and a recorder module. A total of 80 raw milk samples were collected at a dairy farm twice a month for 4 months. The samples were scanned with a common UV-Vis-NIR spectrometer and analyzed according to China GB standard methods. The uninformative variables elimination(UVE) method was carried out on the spectrum data and the percentages of main components of all the samples to choose the peak emitting wavelength of each channel of the light source. Another 90 raw milk samples were collected from the same dairy farm thrice a month for 3 months. The samples were analyzed according to China GB standard methods and with the proposed analyzer. The percentages of the main components and the NDSWNIR absorption data of the samples were used for the construction and validation of the multivariate calibration model with partial least squares(PLS) method. The root-mean-square errors of prediction(RMSEP) of total protein, fat and lactose were 0.201, 0.172 and 0.247 and the coefficients of correlation(R) were 0.932, 0.981 and 0.933, respectively.     

基于便携式近红外技术的生鲜乳品质现场评价

生鲜乳作为乳制品生产的基本原料,其质量是保证乳制品食用安全、维护人类健康的基础。可见/近红外光谱技术结合化学计量学方法,构建生鲜乳品质指标的数学模型,实现生鲜乳品质的现场评价。在不同年份,收集88份来自不同奶牛个体的生鲜乳样品。便携式光谱仪采集生鲜乳漫透射光谱(500~1 010 nm),二阶导数和卷积平滑进行光谱预处理,以消除脂肪球引起的光散射和高频噪声。变窗宽移动窗口偏最小二乘法(CSMWPLS)和遗传偏最小二乘法(GAPLS)用于筛选信息区间,并构建预测模型。CSMWPLS与GAPLS模型的预测性能相当,脂肪、蛋白质、干物质和乳糖的预测标准误差(RMSEP)分别为0.115 6/0.103 3,0.096 2/0.113 7,0.201 3/0.123 7和0.077 4/0.066 8,相对预测误差(RPD)分别为8.99/10.06,3.53/2.99,5.76/9.38和1.81/2.10。同时构建了生鲜乳品质指标的多元线性回归(MLR)方程,采用的最优变量数分别为8,10,9和7。采用外部数据集检验,MLR预测性能与PLS相近甚至更优,脂肪、蛋白质、干物质和乳糖模型的RMSEP分别为0.107 0,0.093 0,0.136 0和0.065 8;相对预测误差(RPD)分别为9.72,3.66,8.53和2.13,可用于现场准确测量。结果显示,便携式近红外光谱仪结合MLR模型可实现生鲜乳品质的现场快速评价,为生鲜乳按质论价收购提供了一种新方法,同时为便携式乳品近红外专用仪器设计提供技术参考。     

3D‐printed Portable Platform for Mechanized Handling and Injection of Microvolumes Coupled to Electrochemical Detection

We present a low‐cost mechanized system fabricated using fused deposition modelling 3D‐printing technology to manipulate microvolumes and perform injections on an electrochemical cell in wall‐jet configuration. As a proof‐of‐concept, the amperometric detection of paracetamol (model analyte) on a screen‐printed electrode using 0.5 μL aliquots resulted in highly reproducible responses (RSD <3 %). Moreover, handling of microliter aliquots of butylhydroxytoluene (phenolic antioxidant) and 2,2‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) to promote the radical‐scavenging reaction to determine antioxidant capacity by electrochemical detection of residual DPPH was demonstrated (time‐controlled reaction). A final application of the system was devoted to the analysis of cocaine and a common adulterant found in seized samples. The mechanized 3D‐printed analytical platform is capable to execute diverse sample preparation steps on board by handling microliter aliquots and subsequent electrochemical detection. 3D‐printing technology enabled the fabrication of a versatile and low‐cost (<U$200) mechanized system accessible to general chemistry labs.     

Mapping the inhomogeneity of the U and Th distributions — using sample size concept in the field conditions

Indigenously fabricated portable gamma-ray spectrometer (PGRS) is used for the measurement of gamma activity of ²¹⁴Bi (1.76 MeV) and ²⁰⁸TI (2.62 MeV), under field conditions in Mohar area, Shivpuri Distt. (MP). The energies are discriminated by using a Nal (TI) crystal of size 1.75″ × 2″. PGRS used to map the primordial elemental distributions shows reversals of concentration of thorium and uranium (represented by radium group) in field and lab analysis in many samples, which is attributed to the inhomogenity of distribution of these elements in the area. The concept of difference in the volume of dish shaped field sample and the randomly picked up sample from the field grid point (400 gm in lab analysis) is utilized to interpret the inhomogenity of these elements. However interpretations are based on the assumption that these primordial elements (U, Th) are in secular equilibrium and the terrain has low topographic relief.      

Template preparation of Pt nanowire array electrode on Ti/Si substrate for methanol electro-oxidation

Platinum (Pt) nanowire array electrode is obtained by dc electrodeposition of Pt into the pores of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template on Ti/Si substrate. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) examination shows all the nanowires have uniform diameter of about 30 nm. The brush shapes Pt nanowire array electrode can be seen clearly by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). Pt nanowire array electrode gives the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of face-centered cubic (fcc) crystal structure. The electro-oxidation of methanol on this electrode is investigated at room temperature by cyclic voltammetry. The results demonstrated that the Pt nanowire array electrode will have good potential applications in portable power sources.     

Surface normal imaging with a hand-held NMR device

Recently the capabilities of single sided nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) devices have been extended towards three-dimensional imaging. This paper details the use of a magnetic field sweep coil to obtain spatial resolution in the plane normal to the surface of a hand-held NMR device-the NMR-Mobile Universal Surface Explorer (MOUSE). One-dimensional depth profiles can be recorded by varying the current in the sweep coils. Preliminary results from multi-layer rubber and glass sample phantoms demonstrate a sample penetration depth of 7 mm. Two-dimensional images were acquired via the inclusion of phase encoding coils. Non-destructive cross-sectional images of small rubber phantoms were successfully recorded.     

A Batch Injection Analysis System with Square-wave Voltammetric Detection for Fast and Simultaneous Determination of Zinc and Ascorbic Acid

The determination of organic and inorganic compounds in a single run is still a great challenge. In this paper, we developed a method for fast simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid (AA) and zinc ions (Zn) using batch injection analysis with detection by square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry (BIA-SWASV). Britton-Robinson (BR) buffer solution (pH=6.0) as the supporting electrolyte and boron doped diamond (BDD) as the working electrode. The method presented favorable analytical characteristics such as fast response (67 injections h⁻¹), low detection limits (0.2 and 5.4 μmol L⁻¹ for Zn ions and AA, respectively) and recovery values of 99±3%.