高耐压HDPE自增强管挤出系统及试样的结构与性能

本文针对管件在输送压力流体时的特殊应力状态,提出了管材周向自增强的构想,据此设计出了自增强挤出系统.该系统利用芯棒旋转,使大分子链沿管周向取向并在适当的压力、温度条件下生成串晶结构,从而大大提高了管材的周向强度及模量.利用DSC、WAXD和SEM等检测手段对试件的凝聚态结构进行分析,找到了周向强度提高的理论依据.     

Leak detection in water-filled plastic pipes through the application of tuned wavelet transforms to Acoustic Emission signals

A new method to detect leakage in a water-filled plastic pipe is proposed. In this method, a leakage signal-signature in time domain is first captured by monitoring the Short Time Fourier Transforms (STFT) of AE (Acoustic Emission) signals over a relatively long time-interval. The captured signal is then used to find a mother wavelet (tuned wavelet) for the best signal localization in time and frequency domains. The technique for AE signal detection using tuned wavelet is then described. Practical application of the method proposed herein is then presented using a water-filled plastic pipe as a case study. Signals generated from this experimental setup are collected to identify leakage signal-signatures from other interfering signals (background, pipe natural frequency, splash and environmental noise). The results of the experiment prove that using tuned wavelet, AE events can be detected and identified precisely in time. In addition, sources of signals due to leakage and their respective energy levels can also be recognized.     

基于不同波段对成品汽油的模式识别分析

为了实现对输油管道上顺序输送不同牌号汽油(90#,93#,97#)时汽油间界面的区分,根据近红外光谱分析的基本原理,采用主成分分析-马氏距离(PCA-MD)模式识别方法,分析了700—1100nm波段和1100—1700nm波段3种不同牌号成品汽油的近红外光谱,并根据分析结果对汽油进行了分类。结果表明,使用1100—1700nm波段的汽油光谱分类结果较好,该方法可进一步鉴别汽油的质量。     

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采用一体化安全分析程序,建立了ITER装置第一壁/包层及其主热传输系统、抑压系统的事故分析模型。对真空室内第一壁冷却剂管道双端断裂的失水事故进行计算,并选取单根冷却剂管道双端断裂和多根冷却剂管道双端断裂导致的失水事故工况进行热工水力行为的研究,分析相关系统的热力响应。分析表明,在发生第一壁冷却剂管道断裂事故后,由于冷却剂向真空室内释放,导致真空室内压力升高,之后由于抑压系统爆破盘的开启,可以有效缓解真空室内压力的升高,能够保障真空室系统满足设计限值。     

Symbolic computation of flow in a rotating pipe

A perturbation solution of the fully developed flow through a pipe of circular cross-section, which rotates uniformly around an axis oriented perpendicularly to its own, is considered. The perturbation parameter is given by R = 2Ωa²/ν in terms of the angular velocity Ω, the pipe radius a and the kinematic viscosity ν of the fluid. The two coupled non-linear equations for the axial velocity ω and the streamfunction ? of the transverse (secondary) flow lead to an infinite system of linear equations. This system allows first the computation of a given order ?_n, n ? 1, of the perturbation expansion ? = ∑ Rⁿ?_n in terms of ω_n-1, the (n-1)-th order of the expansion ω = ∑ Rⁿω_n, and of the lower orders ?₁,…,?_{n ? 1}. Then it permits the computation of ω_n from ω₀,…,ω_{n ? 1} and ?₁,…,?;_n. The computation starts from the Hagen–Poiseuille flow ω₀, i.e. the perturbation is around this flow. The computations are performed analytically by computer, with the REDUCE and MAPLE systems. The essential elements for this are the appropriate co-ordinates: in the complex co-ordinates chosen the two-dimensional harmonic (Laplace, Δ) and biharmonic (Δ²) operators are ideally suited for (symbolic) quadratures. Symmetry considerations as well as analysis of the equations for ω_n, ?_n and of the boundary conditions lead to general (polynomial) formulae for these functions, with coeffcients to be determined. Their determination, order by order, implies, in complex co-ordinates, only (symbolic) differentiation and quadratures. The coefficients themselves are polynomials in the Reynolds number c of the (unperturbed) Hagen–Poiseuille flow. They are tabulated in the paper for the orders n ? 6 of the perturbation expansion.     

Friction factor improved correlations for laminar and turbulent gas–liquid flow in horizontal pipelines

We develop improved correlations for two-phase flow friction factor that consider the effect of the relative velocity of the phases, based on a database that includes 2560 gas–liquid flow experiments in horizontal pipes. The database includes a wide range of operational conditions and fluid properties for two-phase friction factor correlations. We classify the experiments by liquid holdup ranges to obtain composite analytical expressions for two-phase friction factor vs. the Reynolds number by fitting logistic dose curves to the experimental data with. We compute the liquid holdup values used to classify the experimental data using correlations proposed previously. The Reynolds number is based on the mixture velocity and the liquid kinematic viscosity. The Fanning friction factor for gas–liquid is defined in term of the mixture velocity and density. Additionally, we sort the experimental data by flow regime and obtain the two-phase friction factor improved correlations for dispersed bubble, slug, stratified and annular flow for different holdup ranges. We report error estimates for the predicted vs. measured friction factor together with standard deviation for each correlation. The accuracy of the correlations developed in this study is compared with that of other 21 correlations and models widely available in the specialized literature. Since different authors use different definitions for friction factors and Reynolds numbers, we present comparisons of the predicted pressure drop for each and every data point in the database. In most cases our correlations predict the pressure drop with much greater accuracy than those presented by previous authors.     

Impact against X65 steel pipes – An experimental investigation

Offshore pipelines subjected to accidental loads, such as impacts from trawl gear or anchors, may experience large global displacements from its initial position and large local strains. The axial forces set up during deformation move the pipeline back towards its initial position, thereby creating a complex local stress and strain history that may lead to fracture in the pipeline. In this study, material and component tests have been carried out on an X65 offshore pipeline material to investigate the behaviour during impact, and to observe if fracture occurs. Pipes were first impacted in a pendulum accelerator at varying velocities before they were pulled straight in a tension machine. Fracture was found in the impacted area of all the pipes. Material tests were carried out to determine the characteristics of the X65 pipeline material. A metallurgical investigation was also conducted, revealing that fracture initiated both inside the pipe wall and on the surface.     

Evolution of turbulence characteristics from straight to curved pipes

Fully developed, statistically steady turbulent flow in straight and curved pipes at moderate Reynolds numbers is studied in detail using direct numerical simulations (DNS) based on a spectral element discretisation. After the validation of data and setup against existing DNS results, a comparative study of turbulent characteristics at different bulk Reynolds numbers Re_b = 5300 and 11,700, and various curvature parameters κ = 0, 0.01, 0.1 is presented. In particular, complete Reynolds-stress budgets are reported for the first time. Instantaneous visualisations reveal partial relaminarisation along the inner surface of the curved pipe at the highest curvature, whereas developed turbulence is always maintained at the outer side. The mean flow shows asymmetry in the axial velocity profile and distinct Dean vortices as secondary motions. For strong curvature a distinct bulge appears close to the pipe centre, which has previously been observed in laminar and transitional curved pipes at lower Re_b only. On the other hand, mild curvature allows the interesting observation of a friction factor which is lower than in a straight pipe for the same flow rate.All statistical data, including mean profile, fluctuations and the Reynolds-stress budgets, is available for development and validation of turbulence models in curved geometries.     

Analytic solutions of Newtonian and non-Newtonian pipe flows subject to a general time-dependent pressure gradient

This article is concerned with general analytic solutions of flows in cylindrical and annular pipes subject to an arbitrary time-dependent pressure gradient and arbitrary steady initial flow. The fluids considered are Newtonian, Maxwellian and Oldroyd B. Graphical results for (blood) flow in a dog’s femoral artery are presented.     

A further study on the non-linear dynamics of simply supported pipes conveying pulsating fluid

In this paper, the non-linear dynamics of simply supported pipes conveying pulsating fluid is further investigated, by considering the effect of motion constraints modeled as cubic springs. The partial differential equation, after transformed into a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using the Galerkin method with N=2, is solved by a fourth order Runge-Kutta scheme. Attention is concentrated on the possible motions of the system with a higher mean flow velocity. Phase portraits, bifurcation diagrams and power spectrum diagrams are presented, showing some interesting and sometimes unexpected results. The analytical model is found to exhibit rich and variegated dynamical behaviors that include quasi-periodic and chaotic motions. The route to chaos is shown to be via period-doubling bifurcations. Finally, the cumulative effect of two non-linearities on the dynamics of the system is discussed.