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131.
132.
L. Ward 《Optics & Laser Technology》2002,34(7):3280
Contour graphs of 2 vs 4 for different film thicknesses and a range of angles of incidence have been plotted for the ellipsometric functions Δ and Ψ in both the reflection and transmission modes. In the case of reflection ellipsometry, when the plots for ΔR and ΨR are superimposed, the two sets of contours cross nearly at right angles over a large part of the field, this being indicative of the high accuracy obtainable in using this technique to determine 4 and 2 and hence the optical constants, n and k, for the film material. The reflection ellipsometric technique is accurate over angles of incidence between 30° and 75° and for a range of film thicknesses between λ/30 and 5λ. Transmission ellipsometry is less useful, due to anomalies in both Xs and Xp where sudden phase changes of ±π occur in regions of interest. There is also the possibility of multiple solutions, although the use of a multiangle technique would enable the “correct” values to be more easily determined. 相似文献
133.
采用多模熔石英光纤对磷酸铕玻璃和铒的磷酸盐烧结体样品进行了光纤传输拉曼光谱测量,并与直接测量样品的拉曼光谱进行对比,两者的结果基本符合,从而证实了光纤传输拉曼光谱对样品检测的可行性,达到扩展拉曼光谱仪的应用领域,为特定条件下研究材料性能提供了良好的途径。由此还可发现和研制出新的光电产品材料。 相似文献
134.
In this paper, we derive a stochastic model for the HIV epidemic in homosexual populations involving age and race. To account for effects of different mixing patterns, a low risk selection rule is introduced. The model is then formulated in terms of chain multinomial distributions by means of which the means are derived. Some simulation studies by computer indicate clearly that age and race have a significant impact on the HIV epidemic. 相似文献
135.
D. E. Daney M. P. Maley H. J. Boenig J. O. Willis J. Y. Coulter L. Gherardi G. Coletta 《Physica C: Superconductivity and its Applications》1998,310(1-4):236-239
We report single-phase AC loss measurements on 8-, 4-, and 3-layer, multi-strand, HTS prototype conductors for power transmission lines. We use both calorimetric and electrical techniques. The agreement between the two techniques suggests that the interlayer current distribution in 1-m long conductors are representative of those in long conductors. The losses for the 8- and 4-layer conductors are in rough agreement, with the 8-layer losses being somewhat lower. The 3-layer conductor losses are substantially higher — probably due to unbalanced azimuthal currents for this configuration. 相似文献
136.
Experimental results concerning the interaction between a variety of nanocrystalline metals (gold, silver, nickel and chromium) and both crystalline polymer [poly-DCH (1,6-di (N-carbazolyl)-2,4-hexadiene)] and amorphous carbon substrates, are presented and analyzed. Attention is focused on aspects of the interaction that concern interfacial bonding, its correlation with the cohesive energies of the various metals and the energy of the interfaces. Experimental contributions include qualitative estimates of the magnitude of interfacial energies for the crystalline polymer/metal and amorphous carbon/metal interfaces and a direct measurement of the interfacial energies for gold and silver nanocrystals deposited on the amorphous carbon substrate. The sequence of interfacial energy values for the polymer/metal and amorphous carbon/metal systems is also determined. The interfacial energies for both the poly-DCH and amorphous carbon substrates decreases in the order silver, gold, nickel, and chromium, as expected from cohesive energy, melting point and surface energy data for these elements. The crystalline polymer/metal interfaces were examined for the presence of orientation relationships using selected area diffraction and optical diffractometry of high-resolution TEM images. No orientation relationships were found for any of the polymer/metal combinations spanning a large range of metal reactivities. Lack of atomic matching or some as yet unknown surface condition on the polymer may be responsible for this effect. 相似文献
137.
Nazakat Ullah 《Pramana》1976,7(5):316-318
An exact differential equation is given to evaluate the energy average of the scattering function. The advantage of the differential
equation as compared to the earlier methods based on series expansion is that one has to evaluate only single sums over the
complex poles of the S-matrix. Using Wigner’s semicircle law for the distribution of the real parts of the poles of the scattering
matrix, the earlier expression for the energy average of the scattering function is rederived. 相似文献
138.
A 10 w/o Pd/C catalyst from Johnson Matthey has been examined by three different techniques: chemisorption, line broadening of X-ray diffraction, and TEM (transmission electron microscopy) to investigate the size of the palladium crystallites. The dispersion of this catalyst was determined to be 20%. Among these techniques, the X-ray diffraction was found to be the most convenient method. Through this method, the dispersion of Pd was found to decrease on catalyzing hydroxylamine reactions at 330 K. The deactivation of Pd/C for these reactions was correlated to the sintering of palladium. H2 chemisorption at 373 K was found to be a good way to accurately measure the number of active palladium sites in the Pd/C catalysts. 相似文献
139.
140.
Experiments by Gittings, Bandyopadhyay and Durian (Europhys. Lett. 65, 414 (2004)) demonstrate that light possesses a higher probability to propagate in the liquid phase of a foam due to total
reflection. The authors term this observation photon channelling which we investigate in this article theoretically. We first
derive a central relation in the work of Gitting et al. without any free parameters. It links the photon's path-length fraction f in the liquid phase to the liquid fraction ɛ. We then construct two-dimensional Voronoi foams, replace the cell edges by
channels to represent the liquid films and simulate photon paths according to the laws of ray optics using transmission and
reflection coefficients from Fresnel's formulas. In an exact honeycomb foam, the photons show superdiffusive behavior. It
becomes diffusive as soon as disorder is introduced into the foams. The dependence of the diffusion constant on channel width
and refractive index is explained by a one-dimensional random-walk model. It contains a photon channelling state that is crucial
for the understanding of the numerical results. At the end, we shortly comment on the observation that photon channelling
only occurs in a finite range of ɛ. 相似文献