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61.
F. Sigeneger Yu. B. Golubovskii I. A. Porokhova R. Winkler 《Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing》1998,18(2):153-180
The nonlocal behavior of the electrons in strongly modulated and period-averaged electric fields typical of s- and p-striations in neon glow discharge plasmas is investigated by numerically solving the axially inhomogeneous electron Boltzmann equation. A good agreement between the period lengths measured in the striations and those obtained from the spatially periodic electron relaxation in the period-averaged field of the striations is found confirming the close relation of both phenomena. The s- and p-striations represent the fundamental and first harmonics of the inherent periodic electron relaxation. Furthermore, starting from different boundary conditions the establishment of the velocity distribution function and of selected macroscopic quantities of the electrons into unique periodic states under the action of strongly modulated striation-like fields is investigated. It is shown that the same damping processes that cause in homogeneous fields a relaxation into homogeneous states lead to unique periodic states in strongly modulated fields. 相似文献
62.
The selection of the correct mixing rule for sound velocity in ideal liquid mixtures determines the interpretation of the sound velocity in real mixtures. This is especially important for the determination of apparent properties of solutes, such as their apparent compressibility. There are different approaches reported in the literature, and this article presents a new derivation of the mixing rule based on statistical mechanics. It is shown that the correlation of volume fluctuations between adjacent components has a crucial influence on the ideal mixing rule. 相似文献
63.
Leonid M. Blumberg 《Journal of separation science》1993,16(1):31-38
In linear chromatography (i.e. chromatography performed in the absence of sample overloading), when the plate height of a column is roughly uniform along its length, variations in the velocities of solutes are the only possible causes of erosion of efficiency. The sources of these variations (variations in capacity ratio and in the density of the mobile phase, etc.) play no direct role in the erosion of efficiency except through their effect on solute velocities. In other words, what eventually causes the erosion of efficiency is merely variation in the time required for solutes to traverse equally small segments of a column. Significant erosion can only arise from abrupt and deep deceleration of solutes in one or several relatively small segments of a column. If erosion of efficiency caused by pressure gradients in linear SFC is to be large, the depth and the sharpness of the deceleration of a solute must go beyond that hitherto confirmed experimentally. Many relevant examples are analyzed graphically. 相似文献
64.
Fundamental understanding of aerosol formation and particle transport are important aspects of understanding and improving
laser-ablation ICP–MS. To obtain more information about particles entering the ICP, laser aerosols generated under different
ablation conditions were collected on membrane filters. The particles and agglomerates were then visualised using scanning
electron microscope (SEM) imaging. To determine variations between different sample matrices, opaque (USGS BCR-2G) and transparent
(NIST SRM 610) glass, CaF2, and brass (MBH B26) samples were ablated using two different laser wavelengths, 193 and 266 nm. This study showed that the
condensed nano-particles (∼10 nm in diameter) formed by laser ablation reach the ICP as micron-sized agglomerates; this is
apparent from filters which contain only a few well-separated particles and particle agglomerates. Ablation experiments on
different metals and non-metals show that the structure of the agglomerates is matrix-dependent. Laser aerosols generated
from silicates and metals form linear agglomerates whereas particle-agglomerates of ablated CaF2 have cotton-like structures. Amongst other conditions, this study shows that the absorption characteristics of the sample
and the laser wavelength determine the production of micron-sized spherical particles formed by liquid droplet ejection. 相似文献
65.
许多物理现象可以在数学上描述为受曲率驱动的自由界面运动,例如薄膜和泡沫的演变、晶体生长,等等.这些薄膜和界面的运动常依赖于其表面曲率,从而可以用相应的曲率流来描述,其相关自由界面问题的数值计算和误差分析一直是计算数学领域中的难点.参数化有限元法是曲率流的一类有效计算方法,已经能够成功模拟一些曲面在几类基本的曲率流下的演化过程.本文重点讨论曲率流的参数化有限元逼近,它的产生、发展和当前的一些挑战. 相似文献
66.
67.
A new reactor and a novel in-situ sampling technique were developed for the study of the synthesis of CeO2 powders produced from dissolved cerium nitrate salts. The conical reactor minimized particle recirculation and provided a
highly symmetrical and undisturbed plasma flow suitable for the analysis of the phenomena affecting the formation of CeO2 powders. Both a calorimetric study of the reactor and a thermodynamic analysis of CeO2 formation were conducted. The sampling probe is described and near-isokinetic sampling was achieved. The sampled particles
were collected using a miniature wet collection system, i.e. a mist atomizer and a custom-made spray chamber. A numerical
simulation of the velocity and temperature fields of the plasma gas in the reactor was done using Fluent. A comprehensive
droplet-to-particle formation mechanism presented elsewhere is revisited and expanded based on calorimetry, thermodynamics
of CeO2 formation, numerical simulations and collected particles. No traces of other oxidation states other than CeO2 were found. 相似文献
68.
The apparent and limiting apparent molar volumes of dilute aqueous solutions of KBF4, and the complexes [Fe(DMSO)6](BF4)3, [Fe(Py)4(H2O)2](BF4)3, [Fe(4-Mepy)2(H2O)2](BF4)3, and [Fe(4-Etpy)2(H2O)2](BF4)3 were determined from density data measured at 5, 15, and 25°C. The apparent and limiting apparent molar adiabatic compressibilities of these complexes were determined from ultrasonic sound velocities measured at the same temperatures in dilute aqueous solutions. The volume change associated with complex formation is discussed in terms of the nature of the coordinate bond and also the role of the central metal atom and ligands in the solvation behavior of these complexes. 相似文献
69.
J. Šňupárek L. Mrkvičková O. Quadrat Z. Walterová P. Bradna 《Colloid and polymer science》2000,278(12):1205-1210
Model ethyl acrylate–methacrylic acid copolymer latices and latices of particles cross-linked by copolymerizing small amounts
of water-soluble N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide were prepared by nonseeded semicontinuous emulsion copolymerization. Dynamic and static light scattering
measurements indicated a slightly higher degree of polydispersity in the case of cross-linked particles, especially in the
initial stages of polymerization. The hydrodynamic volume of the alkalinized particles controlling the viscosity properties
of the dispersions decreased with the time of polymerization and in the case of cross-linked copolymer almost reached a constant
value at about 1 h. The different character of the particle structure was confirmed by differences in particle disintegration
after alkali addition or in the presence of methanol.
Received: 2 February 1999/Accepted: 28 June 2000 相似文献
70.