非金属掺杂改性g-C3N4光催化降解水中有机污染物的研究进展

近年来，石墨相氮化碳(g-C₃N₄)以其合适的带隙宽度、丰富的活性位点和成本低廉等优点，成为新兴的可见光响应非金属光催化剂，被广泛应用于光催化降解有机污染物领域。然而，纯g-C₃N₄对可见光的吸收效率较低且光生电子和空穴复合速率快，导致其光催化活性处于较低水平。基于g-C₃N₄的非金属特性，通过非金属掺杂可以有效提高g-C₃N₄的光催化性能，引起了学者们的广泛关注。本文介绍了目前非金属掺杂g-C₃N₄复合材料常见的制备方法，着重归纳了不同类型的非金属掺杂g-C₃N₄光催化降解水中有机污染物的相关研究进展，探讨其作为光催化剂在可见光条件下降解有机污染物的相关机理。最后，提出目前g-C₃N₄基复合材料在光催化降解水中有机污染物中所面临的挑战，旨在为非金属掺杂g-C₃...     

Development of a prototype high-current low-energy ion implanter

A high current-low energy implant system for the processing of semiconductor devices at medium-high dopant levels is described. Criteria for selection and design of ion beam components such as ion beam optics, vacuum requirements and reliability are discussed. Variations in wafer uniformities for within wafer, wafer-to-wafer and run-to-run are presented.     

Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectra of Potassium Dosed Higher Fullerenes

Abstract

Ultraviolet photoelectron spectra of potassium dosed higher fullerenes are measured with a synchrotron radiation light source. Potassium dosing to higher fullerenes brings a new structure between the spectral onset of pristine fullerenes and the Fermi level. As the spectral edge of the new structure does not cross the Fermi level, potassium dosed higher fullerenes are not metallic but semiconductive. When the potassium is excessively dosed to the fullerenes, the lower binding energy structures above 5 eV become faint. In contrast to this phenomenon, four distinct structures appear between 5 and 14 eV.     

Engineering Lithium Ions Embedded in NiFe Layered Double Hydroxide Lattices To Activate Laminated Ni2+ Sites as High-Efficiency Oxygen Evolution Reaction Catalysts

NiFe layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have been denoted as benchmark non-noble-metal electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, for laminates of NiFe LDHs, the edge sites are active, but the basal plane is inert, leading to underutilization as catalysts for the OER. Herein, for the first time, light and electron-deficient Li ions are intercalated into the basal plane of NiFe LDHs. The results of theoretical calculations and experiments both showed that electrons would be transferred from near Ni²⁺ to the surroundings of Li⁺, resulting in electron-deficient properties of the Ni sites, which would function as “electron-hungry” sites, to enhance surface adsorption of electron-rich oxygen-containing groups, which would enhance the effective activity for the OER. As demonstrated by the catalytic performance, the Li−NiFe LDH electrodes showed an ultralow overpotential of only 298 mV at 50 mA cm⁻², which was lower than that of 347 mV for initial NiFe LDHs and lower than that of 373 mV for RuO₂. Reasonable intercalation adjustment effectively activates laminated Ni²⁺ sites and constructs the electron-deficient structure to enhance its electrocatalytic activity, which sheds light on the functional treatment of catalytic materials.     

Synergism of Interface and Electronic Effects: Bifunctional N-Doped Ni3S2/N-Doped MoS2 Hetero-Nanowires for Efficient Electrocatalytic Overall Water Splitting

The realization of water electrolysis on the basis of highly active, cost-effective electrocatalysts is significant yet challenging for achieving sustainable hydrogen production from water. Herein, N-doped Ni₃S₂/N-doped MoS₂ 1D hetero-nanowires supported by Ni foam (N-Ni₃S₂/N-MoS₂/NF) are readily synthesized through a chemical transformation strategy by using NiMoO₄ nanowire array growth on Ni foam (NiMoO₄/NF) as the starting material. With the in situ generation of Ni₃S₂/MoS₂ heterointerfaces within nanowires and the incorporation of N⁻ anions, an extraordinary hydrophilic nature with abundant, well-exposed active sites and optimal reaction dynamics for both oxidation and reduction of water are obtained. Attributed to these properties, as-converted N-Ni₃S₂/N-MoS₂/NF exhibits highly efficient electrocatalytic activities for both hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions under alkaline conditions. The superior bifunctional properties of N-Ni₃S₂/N-MoS₂/NF enable it to effectively catalyze the overall water-splitting reaction.     

Exploring the Phase-Selective,Green, Hydrothermal Synthesis of Upconverting Doped Sodium Yttrium Fluoride: Effects of Temperature,Time, and Precursors

The aim of this work was i) to develop a hydrothermal, low-temperature synthesis protocol affording the upconverting hexagonal phase NaYF₄ with suitable dopants while adhering to the “green chemistry” standards and ii) to explore the effect that different parameters have on the products. In optimizing the synthesis protocol, short reaction times and low temperatures (below 150 °C) were considered. Yb³⁺ and Er³⁺ ions were chosen as dopants for the NaYF₄ material. Within the context of the second goal, parameters including nature of the precursors, treatment temperature, and treatment time were investigated to afford a pure hexagonal crystalline phase, both in the doped and undoped materials. To fully explore the synthesis results, the prepared materials were characterized from a structural (XRD), compositional (XPS, ICP-MS), and morphological (SEM) point of view. The upconverting properties of the compounds were confirmed by photoluminescence measurements.     

An Intrinsic Photothermal Liquid for Light Detection and Energy Storage

Photothermal materials (PTMs) have been intensively investigated in the fields of photothermal conversion. Superior to solid PTMs, liquid PTMs are leading the trends in satisfying the demands of high flexibility and easy recycling. Successful examples of liquid PTMs are mostly formulated by dispersing solid PTMs in solvents, but suffer from the problems of phase segregation and solvent pollution. In this work, a low-cost formulation is proposed, which involves an oxidative product of ethyl oleate by iodine. It is an intrinsic liquid PTM, preserving the fluidic nature as well as possessing considerable ability for photothermal conversion. In addition to understanding the mechanism of light absorption in the visible and even near infrared windows, two examples are presented to demonstrate the great potential of liquid PTMs in broad areas such as light sensing and energy storage.     

Nitrogen Doping and Carbon Coating Affects Substrate Selectivity of TiO2 Photocatalytic Organic Pollutant Degradation

A series of carbon-coated, nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide photocatalysts was produced and characterized. N-doped TiO₂ powder samples were prepared using a sol-gel method and subsequently used for making doped-TiO₂ thin films on glass substrates. Carbon layers were coated on the films by a thermal decomposition method using catechol. Diffuse reflectance spectra and Mott-Schottky analyses of the samples proved that nitrogen doping and carbon coating can slightly lower the band gap of TiO₂, broaden its absorption to visible light and enhance its n-type character. According to photocatalytic tests against model contaminants, carbon-coated nitrogen-doped TiO₂ films have better performance than simple TiO₂ on the degradation of Rhodamine B dye molecules, but are poorly effective for degrading 4-chlorophenol molecules. Several possible explanations are proposed for this result, supported by scavenging experiments. This reveals the importance of a broad substrate scope when assessing new photocatalytic materials for water treatment, something which is often overlooked in many literature studies.     

Solution-Based,Anion-Doping of Li4Ti5O12 Nanoflowers for Lithium-Ion Battery Applications

Solution-based, anionic doping represents a convenient strategy with which to improve upon the conductivity of candidate anode materials such as Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ (LTO). As such, novel synthetic hydrothermally-inspired protocols have primarily been devised herein, aimed at the large-scale production of unique halogen-doped, micron-scale, three-dimensional, hierarchical LTO flower-like motifs. Although fluorine (F) doping has been explored, the use of chlorine (Cl) dopants is the primary focus here. Several experimental variables, such as dopant amount, lithium hydroxide concentration, and titanium butoxide purity, were probed and perfected. Furthermore, the Cl doping process did not damage the intrinsic LTO morphology. The analysis, based on interpreting a compilation of SEM, XRD, XPS, and TEM-EDS results, was used to determine an optimized dopant concentration of Cl. Electrochemical tests demonstrated an increased capacity via cycling of 12 % for a Cl-doped sample as compared with pristine LTO. Moreover, the Cl-doped LTO sample described in this study exhibited the highest discharge capacity yet reported at an observed rate of 2C for this material at 143mAh g⁻¹. Overall, these data suggest that the Cl dopant likely enhances not only the ion transport capabilities, but also the overall electrical conductivity of our as-prepared structures. To help explain these favorable findings, theoretical DFT calculations were used to postulate that the electronic conductivity and Li diffusion were likely improved by the presence of increased Ti³⁺ ion concentration coupled with widening of the Li migration channel.     

Controlled Variable Oxidative Doping of Individual Organometallic Nanoparticles

The charging and controlled oxidative doping of single organometallic ferrocene nanoparticles is reported in aqueous sodium tetrafluoroborate using the nano‐impacts method. It is shown that ferrocene nanoparticles of approximately 105 nm diameter are essentially quantitatively oxidatively doped with the uptake of one tetrafluoroborate anion per ferrocene molecule at suitably high overpotentials. By using lower potentials, it is possible to achieve low doping levels of single nanoparticles in a controlled manner.