Fabrication and design of various dimensions of multi-step ashperical microlens arrays for OLED package

An optical film with aspherical microlens array (A-MLA) by using multi-step lithography process for an OLED (Organic Light-Emitting Diode) package is fabricated, by which method the luminance of OLEDs can be enhanced. The method of design and fabrication of an A-MLA is explored in this study. In the design process, various parameters of an A-MLA such as curved profiles, layout template and dimensions of microlens are analyzed and characterized. Curved profiles include hyperbola, parabola, ellipse and sphere; and layout templates include square, hexagon, triangle and tangential circle. The profile of the A-MLA was determined by using a commercial optical simulation software, FRED. Based on the simulated result, a film with an A-MLA was fabricated using the LIGA-like (Lithographie Galvanoformung Abformung, LIGA) process, including lithography, sputtering, micro-molding with PDMS (Polydimethylsiloxane) and UV (Ultraviolet)-cured technology. The major challenge to this process is to use JSR-126N negative thick photoresist to manufacture an approximate A-MLA optical film with multi-step lithography method. Finally, the films with A-MLAs are attached to an OLED to measure their optical-electric properties. The effectsof A-MLA optical films on OLED luminance are analyzed. In addition, the measured results are compared with simulated ones. They show good agreement with each other.     

Rapid laser fabrication of microlens array using colorless liquid photopolymer for AMOLED devices

Microlens array (MLA) is microfabricated using Ultra Violet (UV) laser for display device applications. A colorless liquid photopolymer, Norland Optical Adhesive (NOA) 60, is spin-coated and pre-cured via UV light for completing the laser process. The laser energy controlled by a galvano scanner is radiated on the surface of the NOA 60. A rapid thermal volume expansion inside the material creates microlens array when the Gaussian laser energy is absorbed. The fabrication process conditions for various shapes and densities of MLA using a non-contact surface profiler are investigated. Furthermore, we analyze the optical and display characteristics for the Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) devices. Optimized condition furnishes the OLED with the enhancement of light emission by 15%. We show that UV laser technique, which is installed with NOA 60 MLA layer, is eligible for improving the performance of the next generation display devices.     

New Blue-Light Emitting Materials in White OLED Based on Solution and Vacuum Methods

New host material of 2-tert-butyl-9,10-bis(3′′,5′′-diphenylbiphenyl-4′-yl)anthracene [T-TAT] substituted t-butyl group was investigated in solution process WOLED device compared with 9,10-bis (3′′,5′′-diphenylbiphenyl-4’-yl) anthracene [TAT]. A two-color WOLED of a co-host system using solution process method was demonstrated. The device configuration was ITO / PEDOT:PSS (40 nm) / emitting layer (50 nm) / TPBi (20 nm) / LiF (1 nm) / Al. The emitting layer consisted of TAT or T-TAT, NPB, DPAVBi (blue dopant), and rubrene (yellow dopant). NPB was used to help hole carrier transport as well as blue host role. The device using the T-TAT compound as a co-host showed a luminance efficiency of 2.73 cd/A, which is 77% higher than TAT device of 1.54 cd/A at 20 mA/cm².     

Multiple approaches for enhancing all-organic electronics photoluminescent sensors: Simultaneous oxygen and pH monitoring

Key issues in using organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) as excitation sources in structurally integrated photoluminescence (PL)-based sensors are the low forward light outcoupling, the OLEDs’ broad electroluminescence (EL) bands, and the long-lived remnant EL that follows an EL pulse. The outcoupling issue limits the detection sensitivity (S) as only ~20% of the light generated within standard OLEDs can be forward outcoupled and used for sensor probe excitation. The EL broad band interferes with the analyte-sensitive PL, leading to a background that reduces S and dynamic range. In particular, these issues hinder designing compact sensors, potentially miniaturizable, that are devoid of optical filters and couplers. We address these shortcomings by introducing easy-to-employ multiple approaches for outcoupling improvement, PL enhancement, and background EL reduction leading to novel, compact all-organic device architectures demonstrated for simultaneous monitoring of oxygen and pH. The sensor comprises simply-fabricated, directionally-emitting, narrower-band, multicolor microcavity OLED excitation and small molecule- and polymer-based organic photodetectors (OPDs) with a more selective spectral response. Additionally, S and PL intensity for oxygen are enhanced by using polystyrene (PS):polyethylene glycol (PEG) blends as the sensing film matrix. By utilizing higher molecular weight PS, the ratio τ₀/τ₁₀₀ (PL decay time τ at 0% O₂/τ at 100% O₂) that is often used to express S increases ×1.9 to 20.7 relative to the lower molecular weight PS, where this ratio is 11.0. This increase reduces to ×1.7 when the PEG is added (τ₀/τ₁₀₀ = 18.2), but the latter results in an increase ×2.7 in the PL intensity. The sensor's response time is <10 s in all cases. The microporous structure of these blended films, with PEG decorating PS pores, serves a dual purpose. It results in light scattering that reduces the EL that is waveguided in the substrate of the OLEDs and consequently enhances light outcoupling from the OLEDs by ~60%, and it increases the PL directed toward the OPD. The multiple functional structures of multicolor microcavity OLED pixels/microporous scattering films/OPDs enable generation of enhanced individually addressable sensor arrays, devoid of interfering issues, for O₂ and pH as well as for other analytes and biochemical parameters.     

稳定的光谱不随电流变化而改变的白色有机发光器件

使用新材料构成了两种结构白色有机薄膜电致发光器件，一种是蓝色及红色发射在同一层中，另一种是蓝色发射和红色发射分别在两层中，器件结构分别为ITO／CuPc／NPB／JBEM（P）：DCJT／Alq／MgAg（器件1）和ITO／CuPc／NPB／JBEM（P）／Alq：DCJT／Alq／MgAg（器件2）。这里（CuPc）是空穴注入层；N，N’－bis－（1－naphthyl）－N，N’－diphenyl－1，1’bipheny1－4－4’－diamine（NPB）是空穴传输层（HTL）；9，10－bis（3’5’－diaryl）phenyl anthracene（JBEM）是蓝色发射层；tris（8－quinolinolato）aluminium complex（Alq）是电子传输层（ETL）；DCJT是红色染料。在器件1中得到稳定的且色度不随电流增在而变化的白色发射。它的最大亮度为14850cd/m^2，最大效率2．88lm/W，色度x＝0．31，y＝0．38（从4mA/cm^2到200mA/cm^2），半亮度寿命为2860小时（初始亮度1000cd/m^2）。比较了两种结构的器件，蓝红色发射在同一层结构的器件，在亮度、效率及稳定性上都优于蓝红发射在不同层结构的器件。     

Synthesis of bifluorene-based molecular materials: effect of C-9 spirocyclohexane functionalization and end-group tailoring

The preparation and properties of the first spirocyclohexane-functionalized bifluorene-based monodispersed molecular materials is described. The obtained compounds were characterized by ¹H NMR, ¹³C{¹H} NMR, IR, DSC, UV-vis and photoluminescence both in solution and in the solid state. The molecules show emissions ranging from the blue to the blue-green region, and higher glass transition temperatures and spectral stability with respect to the analogous compounds containing 9,9,9′,9′-tetrahexyl-[2,2′]-bifluorene core. The materials were used as active layers in electroluminescent devices with ITO/PEDOT-PSS/SB1-4/Ca/Al and ITO/PEDOT-PSS/SB1-4/BCP/Ca/Al configurations.     

Disilane- and siloxane-bridged biphenyl and bithiophene derivatives as electron-transporting materials in OLEDs

Optical, electrochemical, and electron-transporting properties of disilane- and siloxane-bridged biphenyl and bithiophene derivatives were investigated, in comparison with those of the monosilane-bridged analogues (siloles). The UV spectra and cyclic voltammograms indicated that elongation of the silicon bridge suppresses the π-conjugation, in accordance with the results of DFT calculations. The DFT calculations indicated also that the disilane-bridged biphenyl and siloxane-bridged bithiophene should have the low-lying HOMOs and LUMOs. The electron-transporting properties were evaluated by the performance of triple-layered OLEDs having vapor-deposited films of the Si-bridged compound, Alq₃, and TPD, as the electron-transport, emitter, and hole-transport, respectively. Of these, the device with a disilane-bridged biphenyl exhibited the high performance with the maximum current density of 590 mA/cm² at the applied electric field of 12 × 10⁷ V/m (applied bias voltage = 13 V) and the maximum luminance of 22 000 cd/m² at 13 × 10⁷ V/m.     

A new phosphorescent heteroleptic cuprous complex with a neutral 2‐methylquinolin‐8‐ol ligand: synthesis,structure characterization,properties and TD–DFT calculations

Luminescent Cu^I complexes have emerged as promising substitutes for phosphorescent emitters based on Ir, Pt and Os due to their abundance and low cost. The title heteroleptic cuprous complex, [9,9‐dimethyl‐4,5‐bis(diphenylphosphanyl)‐9H‐xanthene‐κ²P ,P ](2‐methylquinolin‐8‐ol‐κ²N ,O )copper(I) hexafluorophosphate, [Cu(C₁₀H₉NO)(C₃₉H₃₂OP₂)]PF₆, conventionally abbreviated as [Cu(Xantphos)(8‐HOXQ)]PF₆, where Xantphos is the chelating diphosphine ligand 9,9‐dimethyl‐4,5‐bis(diphenylphosphanyl)‐9H‐xanthene and 8‐HOXQ is the N ,O‐chelating ligand 2‐methylquinolin‐8‐ol that remains protonated at the hydroxy O atom, is described. In this complex, the asymmetric unit consists of a hexafluorophosphate anion and a whole mononuclear cation, where the Cu^I atom is coordinated by two P atoms from the Xantphos ligand and by the N and O atoms from the 8‐HOXQ ligand, giving rise to a tetrahedral CuP₂NO coordination geometry. The electronic absorption and photoluminescence properties of this complex have been studied on as‐synthesized samples, whose purity had been determined by powder X‐ray diffraction. In the detailed TD–DFT (time‐dependent density functional theory) studies, the yellow emission appears to be derived from the inter‐ligand charge transfer and metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer (M +L ′)→LCT excited state (LCT is ligand charge transfer).     

An efficient material via meta-position connection as thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitter for organic light-emitting diodes

A novel compound was designed and synthesized by connecting a dicyanobenzene acceptor and two 9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine donors to the 1,3,5-position of a phenyl ring by meta-position connection. This compound, which is a novel emitter for OLED devices, exhibits preferable heat stability. Moreover, the energy gap between its singlet and triplet states is as small as 0.04 eV, resulting in this molecule possesses thermally activated delayed fluorescence. Therefore, the corresponding device showed efficient electroluminescent performances. The maximum external quantum efficiency, maximum current efficiency, maximum power efficiency and maximum luminance were 16.5%, 40.8 cd A^?1, 45.8 lm W^?1 and 5120 cd m^?2, respectively. In addition, the CIE_x,y only changed from (0.22, 0.38) to (0.22, 0.39) over the entire operating voltage range, which confirms that the device possesses highly stable chromaticity with respect to the current density. Based on these experimental results, meta-connected type structures may provide a new approach for developing high-performance TADF emitters for OLED applications.     

新型蓝光材料9,9'-联蒽衍生物的合成及其光电性能

通过引入不同的取代基,采用Suzuki偶联反应,合成了一系列9,9'-联蒽衍生物新型蓝光材料,并研究了它们的紫外-可见吸收、荧光发射、荧光量子效率和电化学等性能.研究结果表明,这些化合物在二氯甲烷中均发射蓝色荧光,与9,9'-联蒽相比,其荧光发射峰均红移了7 nm,达到453 nm,是典型的蓝色荧光,同时也具有较高的荧...