Solution‐processable colorless polyimides derived from hydrogenated pyromellitic dianhydride with controlled steric structure

This work presents novel colorless polyimides (PIs) derived from 1R,2S,4S,5R‐cyclohexanetetracarboxylic dianhydride (H″‐PMDA). Isomer effects were also discussed by comparing with PI systems derived from conventional hydrogenated pyromellitic dianhydride, that is, 1S,2R,4S,5R‐cyclohexanetetracarboxylic dianhydride (H‐PMDA). H″‐PMDA was much more reactive with various diamines than H‐PMDA, and the former led to PI precursors with much higher molecular weights. The results can be explained from the quite different steric structures of these isomers. The thermally imidized H″‐PMDA‐based films were colorless regardless of diamines because of inhibited charge‐transfer interaction. In particular, the H″‐PMDA/4,4′‐oxydianiline system simultaneously achieved a very high T_g exceeding 300 °C, high toughness (elongation at break > 70%), and good solution processability. In contrast, the H‐PMDA‐based counterparts were essentially insoluble. The outstanding solubility of the former probably results from disturbed chain stacking by its nonplanar steric structure. An advantage of chemical imidization process is also proposed. In some cases, a copolymerization approach with an aromatic tetracarboxylic dianhydride was effective to improve the thermal expansion property. The results suggest that the H″‐PMDA‐based PI systems can be promising candidates for novel high‐temperature plastic substrate materials in electronic paper displays. A potential application as optical compensation film materials in liquid crystal displays (LCD) is also proposed in this work. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013     

Coherent communications

Abstract

Coherent lightwave techniques, when compared to direct detection techniques, offer nearly quantum noise limited sensitivity as well as fine tunability similar to that obtained at radio frequencies. These two aspects provide communication systems planners and engineers the means to better exploit the huge bandwidth of single mode optical fibers.

Research activity in this field started in the early 1980s, and some laboratory experiments and field trials were performed by the end of the decade, showing that such techniques are suitable for transmitting multigigabit per second signals to distances well exceeding hundred kilometers. On the other hand, coherent multichannel, frequency division multiple access, local area networks have been proposed and experimented worldwide.

This article will discuss the theoretical advantages and limitations of the various modulation and detection formats together with the state of the art. Moreover, some aspects, related to the introduction of coherent systems in local and metropolitan area networks, will be treated. Finally some experimental data will be provided and future evolution will be discussed.     

Prioritized Composition With Exclusion and Generation for the Interaction and Control of Discrete Event Systems

Interaction of multiple discrete event systems (DESs) represented as automata are carried out using composition operations. These operations on automata enforce concurrency, wherein an event exists in the composed automaton if it exists in the participating states of the interacting automata possessing the event in their event set. Heymann generalized this by introducing event priorities, wherein an event exists in the composed automaton if it exists in the participating state of the interacting automata having priority over the event. For two interacting automata P and Q, while prioritized composition can model the P, Q, AND, and OR boolean interactions, it cannot model boolean interactions which require exclusivity of participation, namely, “exclusive P”, “exclusive Q”, “exclusive P or exclusive Q”, “exclusive P and exclusive Q”. In order to also model these additional interactions we propose a generalization of prioritized composition by introducing an exclusivity set besides the existing priority sets. The resulting composition is called prioritized composition with exclusion. We also introduce prioritized composition with exclusion and generation that allows for all sixteen boolean modes of interaction possible when two automata interact. This is done by the further introduction of a nor-generative set. This event set together with the two priority sets and an exclusivity set makes it possible to model eight additional boolean interactions which do not require either of the interacting automata to participate for the event to be enabled in the composed automaton. The applicability of these interactions to decentralized supervisory decision fusion and in composing the rules based model of systems has been illustrated.     

Simultaneous Compensation of Dispersion and Losses using Er-Doped Double-Core Optical Fiber

The Er-doped double-core dispersion compensating fiber (EDDCF) has been fabricated using modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD) technique. We have obtained 14 dB gain at 1550 nm (using a diode laser of 980 nm wavelength which provides 100 mW of pump power) with dispersion of about −165 ps/km nm. It is useful for the optical fiber network where amplification as well as negative dispersion is necessary. We are the first to report the experimental realization and characterization of the EDDCF.     

光学补偿LD侧向非均匀泵浦全固化激光器

采用定向棱镜谐振腔、半圆柱面LD阵列交错侧向泵浦两根串接NdYAG激光棒、热传导冷却结构,研制出了一台工程实用的全固化激光器.定向棱镜腔内振荡光线平行于光轴的对称位置交换穿行,匀化了增益,降低了模序数;同时,定向棱镜准相位共轭特性和自准直作用在一定程度上修正波前畸变、热光楔以及热致双折射,保证了大的动态范围内热稳定性,改善了光束质量.激光器采用Cr4+YAG被动调Q,在室温条件下,工作电流为53 A、频率10 Hz时,1.06 μm单脉冲激光能量高于150 mJ、脉宽9 ns、输出稳定度±3%、束散度2.5 mrad且光轴指向稳定,远场分布近似相干平顶高斯光束.     

偏振模色散补偿控制中偏振度技术的性能

基于主偏振态理论，导出了光信号偏振度的解析表达式.并对40 Gb/s光传输系统中的信号偏振度受各种因素的影响进行了数值模拟，包括啁啾、脉冲形状、脉冲宽度、自发辐射噪声以及消光比等.结果表明，偏振度技术能有效地监测和控制40 Gb/s系统中小于37.5 ps的偏振模色散.而且发现就最大化偏振度技术对差分群延时的容许范围而言，脉冲的1/e强度半宽取0.45个位宽（11.25 ps）是最优的.     

应变式压力传感器检测电路的讨论

本文讨论了传统的应变式压力传感器检测电路，给出了改进措施，提高了视在输出，实现了零点调整，补偿了由于温度变化引起的受力弹性体的弹性系数变化和应变片灵敏度系数变化，满足了输出线性度要求。     

计及风和湍流的热晕及其相位补偿的数值研究

本工作用包括热晕、湍流和风等效应的等压近似下四维激光传输程序，数值计算了激光大气传输中的整束热畸变效应及其理想相位补偿，得到了各种情况下的激光大气传输畸变图象，并分析了热晕和湍流的相互作用。另外，还讨论了时、空步长的选取原则。     

GGG晶体板状激光器特性的研究

测试GGG晶体板条的激光性能,并在高功率泵浦下对板条的热聚焦效应进行了研究.     

Diagonally compensated reduction and related preconditioning methods

When solving linear algebraic equations with large and sparse coefficient matrices, arising, for instance, from the discretization of partial differential equations, it is quite common to use preconditioning to accelerate the convergence of a basic iterative scheme. Incomplete factorizations and sparse approximate inverses can provide efficient preconditioning methods but their existence and convergence theory is based mostly on M-matrices (H-matrices). In some application areas, however, the arising coefficient matrices are not H-matrices. This is the case, for instance, when higher-order finite element approximations are used, which is typical for structural mechanics problems. We show that modification of a symmetric, positive definite matrix by reduction of positive offdiagonal entries and diagonal compensation of them leads to an M-matrix. This diagonally compensated reduction can take place in the whole matrix or only at the current pivot block in a recursive incomplete factorization method. Applications for constructing preconditioning matrices for finite element matrices are described.