Harmful volatile substances in recorded and unrecorded fruit spirits

The alcohol-attributable mortality is an important issue in South-Eastern Europe, whereby consumption of homemade spirits is stated to be one of the leading causes. Presence of harmful volatiles in spirits in Serbia was investigated in 26 recorded and 127 unrecorded fruit spirits, collected in 2020 and analysed using GC-FID methods. Statistical analysis confirmed higher content of ethanol, ethyl acetate, n-propanol and iso-butanol in unrecorded spirits. Regarding concentration limits proposed by the Alcohol Measures for Public Health Research Alliance, the one for methanol was exceeded in 4% of recorded and 17% of unrecorded spirits, for acetaldehyde in 4% of unrecorded and for higher alcohols only in one recorded spirit. Risk assessment, conducted using a margin of exposure approach, showed that spirit consumption, even at average level, posed a risk due to their high ethanol content. Regarding acetaldehyde, for males the risk was indicated starting from the regular drinkers only scenario (mean MOE 9937 for recorded and 9123 for unrecorded spirits) and for females who were chronic heavy drinkers of recorded (2324) or unrecorded spirits (1644). Chronic heavy drinkers of both sexes were in the risk of methanol and higher alcohols in case of exclusive consumption of unrecorded spirits.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in citrus fruit irrigated with fresh water under arid conditions: Concentrations,sources, and risk assessment

In Jordan, as well as in all the world countries, consumption of citrus fruits is an essential part of the daily diet, so it is important to assess the potential risk of the persistent organic pollutants such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in these fruits to the human health and identify their sources in order to eliminate or reduce them. This study reports 16 priority PAHs content in four types of peeled citrus fruits grown in Jordan valley. PAHs were detected in all the studied samples in variable quantities depending on the type of citrus fruits. The results showed that the highest PAH level corresponded to acenaphthene (35.018 µg/kg) in grapefruit. Among the carcinogenic PAHs, benzo[a]anthracene (BaA) and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) were the most representative and found in all the analyzed fruit, soil, and water samples, whereas anthracene (ANT) was not detected at all. The mean ∑16 PAHs for the different fruits were found to be 62.593 µg kg^?1 in grapefruit, 24.840 µg kg^?1 in lemon, 22.901 µg kg^?1 in mandarin, and 5.082 µg kg^?1 in orange. The dominance of naphthalene (NAP) and acenaphthene (ACE) in soil under hot climatic conditions indicates the recent and continuous input of these types in the investigated area. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) for ∑16 PAHs was observed in the order of grapefruit > lemon > mandarin > orange. Based on the results of the principal component analysis (PCA), the primary sources of PAHs in agricultural soils mainly originated from biomass burning and vehicular emissions. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) indicated that consumption of these four citrus fruits may expose human health to potential cancer risk. The findings of this study call the policymakers and public administrations to the formulation of stringent policies and actions to control biomass burning and vehicular emissions.     

Investigation of Trace Metals Content and Carbon Isotopic Composition on the Soil Leaf-Fruit Chain from Some Transylvanian Areas

Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Isotopic Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS) were used in this study to trace heavy metal and isotopic content of soil into the fruit juices. This work presents a preliminary study on the carbon isotope signature and trace metal content investigated on the soil-plant-fruit pulp chain. The samples were collected from Transylvanian areas. Our results for fruit juices are compared with allowable limits for drinking water in the United Kingdom (NS30). The results for soil samples were compared with the maximum value reported for normal range values of natural soils cited by the EEA (European Environment Agency) report. The results obtained for δ¹³C values on the soil - leaf - fruit pulp chain for grape, pear, and apple samples show depletion in ¹³C isotope, as the trend of the values reported in literature for the soil–leaf–fruit chain.     

Analysis of anthocyanins in commercial fruit juices by using nano-liquid chromatography-electrospray-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography with UV-vis detector

Nano-LC and conventional HPLC techniques were applied for the analysis of anthocyanins present in commercial fruit juices using a capillary column of 100 μm id and a 2.1 mm id narrow-bore C(18) column. Analytes were detected by UV-Vis at 518 nm and ESI-ion trap MS with HPLC and nano-LC, respectively. Commercial blueberry juice (14 anthocyanins detected) was used to optimize chromatographic separation of analytes and other analysis parameters. Qualitative identification of anthocyanins was performed by comparing the recorded mass spectral data with those of published papers. The use of the same mobile phase composition in both techniques revealed that the miniaturized method exhibited shorter analysis time and higher sensitivity than narrow-bore chromatography. Good intra-day and day-to-day precision of retention time was obtained in both methods with values of RSD less than 3.4 and 0.8% for nano-LC and HPLC, respectively. Quantitative analysis was performed by external standard curve calibration of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside standard. Calibration curves were linear in the concentration ranges studied, 0.1-50 and 6-50 μg/mL for HPLC-UV/Vis and nano-LC-MS, respectively. LOD and LOQ values were good for both methods. In addition to commercial blueberry juice, qualitative and quantitative analysis of other juices (e.g. raspberry, sweet cherry and pomegranate) was performed. The optimized nano-LC-MS method allowed an easy and selective identification and quantification of anthocyanins in commercial fruit juices; it offered good results, shorter analysis time and reduced mobile phase volume with respect to narrow-bore HPLC.     

近红外光谱技术在水果产业中的最新应用

综述了近红外光谱技术在水果产业中的最新应用,系统阐述了NIR在果树栽培调控、果实品质检测、果实贮藏三方面的最新研究进展,并对其发展前景提出了展望。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定蔬菜和水果中8种农药残留

建立了同时测定蔬菜和水果中8种农药残留的反相高效液相色谱分析方法.通过乙腈提取,LC-NH2柱净化,C18柱分离,梯度洗脱,检测波长275 nm.8种农药在0.2～10.0 mg/L浓度范围内线性关系良好;检出限在0.01～0.04 mg/kg范围;平均加标回收率在80.1%～103.7%范围,相对标准偏差(RSD)在...     

Pesticide residue analysis of fruit juices by LC-MS/MS direct injection. One year pilot survey

For this work, thirteen types of fruit juices (orange, pineapple, peach, apple, multifruit, mango, strawberry, tomato, pear, mandarin, grape, banana and grapefruit) were selected to develop an analytical method for the analysis of 53 pesticides by direct injection in LC-MS/MS. The preparation of the samples was very simple: an aliquot of the juice was centrifuged and it was ten-times diluted prior to analysis, which allowed reducing considerably the time and cost of the analyses. Besides, dilution of the samples permits reducing the amount of matrix going into the system, and thus, decreasing the matrix effects, so common in this type of commodities, opening the possibility to perform quantification with solvent based standards. Validation of the method was carried out in accordance with EU guidelines. Calibration curves covering three orders of magnitude were performed, and they were linear over the concentration range studied for all the matrices (from 0.1 to 100 μg L⁻¹). Practical limits of quantification were in the low μg L⁻¹ range, far below the maximum residue levels (MRLs) of the EU regulations, which do not set specific MRLs for juices, and in this cases of processed food, MRLs of the raw product are applied. Repeatability of the instrumental method was studied in all matrices, obtaining good intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSDs). The proposed method was applied to 106 real fruit juice samples purchased in different local markets during a one-year survey in order to validate the suitability for routine analysis. 43% of the analysed samples gave positive results (higher than the practical limits of quantification).     

New home-made assembly for hollow-fibre membrane extraction of persistent organic pollutants from real world samples

Nowadays, hollow fibre membrane extraction techniques are widely used but they are usually applied to water or very simple matrices such as water. In this paper, we propose a new assembly that allows the extraction of forty persistent organic pollutants in real world samples, namely orange juice, porcine plasma and tomatoes. The limits of detection obtained are very low even in the analysis of real samples (9-182 ng L(-1)). The relative standard deviations vary from 1 to 18% and the averaged recoveries in the spike experiments are very high (65-120%) in the different types of samples studied. The new assembly allows a very good precision overcoming in one of the most important shortcomings of membrane extraction techniques. A central composite design has been performed to get optimal extraction conditions for the analytes and also the combined response of all the analytes has been obtained to attain the simultaneous optimum.     

Thermal treatment alternatives for enzymes inactivation in fruit juices: Recent breakthroughs and advancements

Fruit juices (FJs) are frequently taken owing to their nutritious benefits, appealing flavour, and vibrant colour. The colours of the FJs are critical indicators of the qualitative features that influence the consumer's attention. Although FJs' intrinsic acidity serves as a barrier to bacterial growth, their enzymatic stability remains an issue for their shelf life. Inactivation of enzymes is critical during FJ processing, and selective inactivation is the primary focus of enzyme inactivation. The merchants, on the other hand, want the FJs to stay stable. The most prevalent technique of processing FJ is by conventional heat treatment, which degrades its nutritive value and appearance. The FJ processing industry has undergone a dramatic transformation from thermal treatments to nonthermal treatments (NTTs) during the past two decades to meet the requirements for microbiological and enzymatic stability. The manufacturers want safe and stable FJs, while buyers want high-quality FJs. According to the past investigation, NTTs have the potential to manufacture microbiologically safe and enzymatically stable FJs with low loss of bioactive components. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that different NTTs combined with or without other NTTs or mild heating as a hurdle technology increase the synergistic effect for microbiological safety and stability of FJs. Concise information about the variables that affect NTTs' action mode has also been addressed. Primary inactivates enzymes by modifying the protein structure and active site conformation. NTTs may increase enzyme activity depending on the nature of the enzyme contained in FJs, the applied pressure, pH, temperature, and treatment period. This is due to the release of membrane-bound enzymes as well as changes in protein structure and active sites that allow substrate interaction. Additionally, the combination of several NTTs as a hurdle technology, as well as temperature and treatment periods, resulted in increased enzyme inactivation in FJs. Therefore, a combination of thermal and non-thermal technologies is suggested to increase the effectiveness of the process as well as preserve the juice quality.     

验证水果营养成分配方的寒热性

本文由试验得到的体温数据,分别用假设检验和时间序列分析方法,找到辨别寒热性的数学依据.从而验证水果营养成分配方的寒热性.为传统水果品种的改良提供理论基础.