Modeling of Two-Phase Flow in Fractured Porous Media on Unstructured Non-Uniformly Coarsened Grids

In this article, we investigate two strategies for coarsening fractured geological models. The first approach, which generates grids that resolve the fractures, is referred to as explicit fracture-matrix separation (EFMS). The second approach is based on a non-uniform coarsening strategy introduced in Aarnes et al. (Adv Water Resour 30(11):2177–2193, 2007a). A series of two-phase flow simulations where the saturation is modeled on the respective coarse grids are performed. The accuracy of the resulting solutions is examined, and the robustness of the two strategies is assessed with respect to number of fractures, degree of coarsening, well locations, phase viscosities, and fracture permeability. The numerical results show that saturation solutions obtained on the non-uniform coarse grids are consistently more accurate than the corresponding saturation solutions obtained on the EFMS grids. The numerical results also reveal that it is much easier to tune the upscaling factor with the non-uniform coarsening approach.     

Transient pressure of percolation through one dimension porous media with threshold pressure gradient

IntroductionManyexperimentsshow[1,2,3]thatthepercolationinlowPermeabilityisnotfittoDarcy'sLaw.Theparticularcharacteristheexistenceofthresholdpressuregradient[1],inotherwords:thefluidcanflow,onlywhentherealpressuregradientislargerthanthresholdpressuregradient.Thedevelopmentinthisresearchingfieldhasn'tmuchprogressbecauseofquestionsineconomicsandteelmologysincethisconceptwasformedin1951.ThisfieldisbecominganewwarmresearchingPOintasChinadevelopedthelowPermeabilityreservoirsinlastfewyears.Thego…     

二类油层高含水开发后期优化补孔措施挖潜剩余油研究

根据大庆油田采油二厂提供的动、静态数据,用数值模拟方法,分析了其南八区西块二类油层的剩余油分布.针对其剩余油的挖潜设计了注水时机、注水强度、注水时机和注水强度优化三套30个补孔方案,优化结果是:注水强度9最好,注水时机含水93%最好,注水强度9和注水时机93%结合优化效果最好.     

井外溶洞储层的偶极横波反射特征研究*

溶洞型储层是油气田中比较典型的储层之一,其非均质性强,勘探开发难度较大,偶极横波远探测技术是目前探测井外溶洞的有效方法。碳酸盐岩溶洞模型正演模拟对于现场的油气勘探和资料解释具有指导性作用。该文建立了几种比较典型的溶洞模型,并通过有限差分方法对溶洞储层的偶极三维反射声场进行了研究,发现在小源距范围内可以接收到来自溶洞后壁较强的反射波,随着源距的增大,该反射波逐渐减弱至消失;对于缝洞结合体的反射波场,来自裂缝的反射波能量要强于来自溶洞的反射波,且来自裂缝的反射波会掩盖溶洞前壁的反射波信息,这对后期的成像处理带来了困难。最后进一步研究了偶极远探测技术在溶洞方位识别以及尺寸大小估算中的应用。     

Zonal disintegration of deep crack-weakened rock masses: A non-Euclidean model

Rock masses are characterized by the existence of distributed joints and fractures. One of behaviors of the deep rock masses is high in situ stresses. The internal space of rock-like materials subjected to high in situ stresses after deformation is treated as a non-Euclidean one. The incompatible deformation of the deep rock masses is induced by high in situ stresses within the framework of non-Euclidean geometric space. A non-Euclidean model in which effects of cracks on zonal disintegration phenomenon of the deep crack-weakened rock masses is taken into account is established. Based on the non-Euclidean model, the elastic stress-field distribution of the deep surrounding rock masses induced by compatible deformation of non-fractured zones and incompatible deformation of fractured zones is determined. The stress intensity factors at the tips of cracks is given out. The strain energy density factor is applied to investigate the occurrence of disintegration zones. It is observed from the numerical results that the magnitude and site of fractured zones depend on the value of in situ stress, mesomechanical parameters and non-Euclidean parameters.     

Dynamics of the outflow and its effect on the hydraulics of two-layer exchange flows in a channel

This paper reports that an experimental study is conducted to examine the dynamics of the outflow in two-layer exchange flows in a channel connecting between two water bodies with a small density difference. The experiments reveal the generation of Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) instabilities within the hydraulically sub-critical flow region of the channel. During maximal exchange, those KH instabilities develops into large-amplitude KH waves as they escape the channel exit into the reservoir. The propagation speed of those waves, their generation frequency and their amplitudes are studied. The dynamics of the outflow and these waves are directly linked to the hydraulic conditions of the exchange flow within the channel.     

A hierarchical fracture model for the iterative multiscale finite volume method

An iterative multiscale finite volume (i-MSFV) method is devised for the simulation of multiphase flow in fractured porous media in the context of a hierarchical fracture modeling framework. Motivated by the small pressure change inside highly conductive fractures, the fully coupled system is split into smaller systems, which are then sequentially solved. This splitting technique results in only one additional degree of freedom for each connected fracture network appearing in the matrix system. It can be interpreted as an agglomeration of highly connected cells; similar as in algebraic multigrid methods. For the solution of the resulting algebraic system, an i-MSFV method is introduced. In addition to the local basis and correction functions, which were previously developed in this framework, local fracture functions are introduced to accurately capture the fractures at the coarse scale. In this multiscale approach there exists one fracture function per network and local domain, and in the coarse scale problem there appears only one additional degree of freedom per connected fracture network. Numerical results are presented for validation and verification of this new iterative multiscale approach for fractured porous media, and to investigate its computational efficiency. Finally, it is demonstrated that the new method is an effective multiscale approach for simulations of realistic multiphase flows in fractured heterogeneous porous media.     

Master equation for structured reservoirs

In this work we derive a master equation to describe the interaction of emitters with structured reservoirs. The equation is applicable when the ‘freezing’ of atomic population decay and the existence of an atom-photon bound state are possible. Furthermore, the equation may be used for arbitrarily strong excitations of the reservoir. We show that for a wide range of reservoir spectral densities, this master equation can be reduced to the Markovian form. Applications to spontaneous emission and resonance fluorescence near the band edge are considered. We demonstrate that the stationary state is strongly dependent on the initial state of the decaying atom-field system. For resonance fluorescence, we confirm the prediction of positive stationary atomic inversion.     

Application of a wave transform to pressure transient testing in porous media

Solutions to the diffusion equation for nonuniform media are difficult to obtain in a form that can be easily evaluated. Often the solutions are written as the inverse Laplace transform of an inverse Fourier transform. In this paper, I show that the wave transform of Bragg and Dettman (1968) coupled with the Cagniard-de Hoop method for solving the wave propagation problem results in simplified solutions to the problem of pressure transient testing in linear composite reservoirs. The potential usefulness of an inverse wave transform, which would transform measured pressure data (smooth) into a wave signal propagating at the velocity of the square root of the diffusivity, is demonstrated by a synthetic example. In the example, diffusivity of the source region is estimated from the time of the direct wave arrival, while diffusivity of a second, higher diffusivity region is estimated from the velocity of the head wave. In the wave domain the time-like variable has units of (time)^1/2 which makes the units of velocity equal to L T-^(1/2). I also demonstrate, using synthetic data, that it is difficult, but perhaps possible, to invert the wave transform numerically.