Efficient Diketopyrrolopyrrole‐Based Small‐Molecule Bulk‐Heterojunction Solar Cells with Different Electron‐Donating End‐Groups

A series of small molecules that contained identical π‐spacers (ethyne), a central diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) unit, and different aromatic electron‐donating end‐groups were synthesized and used in organic solar cells (OSCs) to study the effect of electron‐donating groups on the device performance. The three compounds, DPP‐A‐Ph , DPP‐A‐Na , and DPP‐A‐An , possessed intense absorption bands that covered a wide range, from 350 to 750 nm, and relatively low HOMO energy levels, from ?5.50 to ?5.55 eV. DPP‐A‐An , which contained anthracene end‐groups, demonstrated a stronger absorbance and a higher hole mobility than DPP‐A‐Ph , which contained phenyl groups, and DPP‐A‐Na , which contained naphthalene units. The power‐conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of OSCs based on organic:PC₇₁BM blends (1:1, w/w) with a processed DIO additive were 3.93 % for DPP‐A‐An , 3.02 % for DPP‐Na , and 2.26 % for DPP‐A‐Ph . These findings suggest that a DPP core that is functionalized with electron‐donating capping groups constitutes a promising new class of solution‐processable small molecules for OSC applications.     

Tailored Synthesis of Various Nanomaterials by Using a Graphene‐Oxide‐Based Gel as a Nanoreactor and Nanohybrid‐Catalyzed CC Bond Formation

New graphene oxide (GO)‐based hydrogels that contain vitamin B₂/B₁₂ and vitamin C (ascorbic acid) have been synthesized in water (at neutral pH value). These gel‐based soft materials have been used to synthesize various metal nanoparticles, including Au, Ag, and Pd nanoparticles, as well as nanoparticle‐containing reduced graphene oxide (RGO)‐based nanohybrid systems. This result indicates that GO‐based gels can be used as versatile reactors for the synthesis of different nanomaterials and hybrid systems on the nanoscale. Moreover, the RGO‐based nanohybrid hydrogel with Pd nanoparticles was used as an efficient catalyst for C? C bond‐formation reactions with good yields and showed high recyclability in Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions.     

Ligand‐Free Palladium‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Coupling of Carboxylic Anhydrides with Arylboronic Acids

We report a new, effective and environmentally friendly protocol for selective aerobic oxidative coupling of arylboronic acids with carboxylic anhydrides in the presence of ligand‐free palladium catalyst. The aryl benzoates are obtained in good to excellent yields.     

Preparation of Molecule‐Responsive Microsized Hydrogels via Photopolymerization for Smart Microchannel Microvalves

Microdevices designed for practical environmental pollution monitoring need to detect specific pollutants such as dioxins. Bisphenol A (BPA) has been widely used as a monomer for the synthesis of polycarbonate and epoxy resins. However, the recent discovery of its high potential ability to disrupt human endocrine systems has made the development of smart systems and microdevices for its detection and removal necessary. Molecule‐responsive microsized hydrogels with β‐cycrodextrin (β‐CD) as ligands are prepared by photopolymerization using a fluorescence microscope. The molecule‐responsive micro‐hydrogels show ultra‐quick shrinkage in response to target BPA. Furthermore, the flow rate of a microchannel is autonomously regulated by the molecule‐responsive shrinking of their hydrogels as smart microvalves.

     

Electrochemical Dehydrogenative C−H Aminomethylation of Imidazopyridines and Related Heterocycles

A facile and environmentally friendly electrochemical protocol is herein reported for the C(sp²)−C(sp³) cross dehydrogenative coupling between imidazopyridines and N,N-dimethylanilines. The broad functional group compatibility includes halogens, ester, alcohol, sulfone as well as thiophene. This methodology is also suitable for benzo[d]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole, thiazoimidazole and tetrahydroisoquinoline, and can be scaled up to 5 mmol. Mechanistic insights are discussed.     

Palladium supported on urea-containing porous organic polymers as heterogeneous catalysts for C–C cross coupling reactions and reduction of nitroarenes

The novel palladium nanoparticles (Pd@POPs) were successfully prepared with controllable sizes and dispersity through the introduction of H₂PdCl₄ into urea-linked porous organic polymers (POPs) in an aqueous environment followed by reducing Pd(II) to Pd(0) by NaBH₄. The newly prepared Pd@POPs were thoroughly characterized by FT-IR, ICP-AES, BET, XRD, SEM and TEM. Furthermore, the catalytic reactivities of this novel Pd@POPs were investigated via Heck, Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction and nitroarene reduction, and they exhibited superior catalytic performances in all these three reactions, producing the corresponding products in up to quantitative yields. Additionally, the Pd@POPs had excellent recyclability in both Heck and Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions with the repeating time up to four times and ten times, respectively, along with no obvious decrease of catalytic reactivities.     

Synthesis and Antiviral Evaluation of (1,4-Disubstituted-1,2,3-Triazol)-(E)-2-Methyl-but-2-Enyl Nucleoside Phosphonate Prodrugs

A series of hitherto unknown (1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazol)-(E)-2-methyl-but-2-enyl nucleosides phosphonate prodrugs bearing 4-substituted-1,2,3-triazoles were prepared in a straight approach through an olefin acyclic cross metathesis as the key synthetic step. All novel compounds were evaluated for their antiviral activities against HBV, HIV and SARS-CoV-2. Among these molecules, only compound 15j, a hexadecyloxypropyl (HDP)/(isopropyloxycarbonyl-oxymethyl)-ester (POC) prodrug, showed activity against HBV in Huh7 cell cultures with 62% inhibition at 10 μM, without significant cytotoxicity (IC₅₀ = 66.4 μM in HepG2 cells, IC₅₀ = 43.1 μM in HepG2 cells) at 10 μM.     

Excitation dependent quenching of luminescence in LED phosphors

Droop, the decrease of efficiency with increased power density, became a major topic with InGaN LEDs, after its introduction in 2007. This paper provides insight into droop in localized center luminescence phosphors, exemplified here by Eu²⁺ doped materials. This topic is of increasing importance, as high brightness blue LEDs have reached outputs >1 W/mm². The nonlinearities in phosphor quantum efficiency result in drive‐dependent color point shift and reduction of overall efficiency of phosphor converted white LEDs which utilize Eu²⁺ activated phosphors. The efficiency quenching can be traced back to two processes, well‐known in laser physics, excited state absorption or/and cross relaxation by Foerster/Dexter transfer. Both processes lead to reduction in phosphor efficiency, but they can be differentiated. Understanding the root cause of efficiency quenching opens ways to minimize the practical consequences. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Evaluation of ion mobility in capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry for the identification in metabolomics

Currently, feature annotation remains one of the main challenges in untargeted metabolomics. In this context, the information provided by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) in addition to accurate mass can improve the quality of metabolite annotation, and MS/MS fragmentation patterns are widely used. Accurate mass and a separation index, such as retention time or effective mobility (μ_eff), in chromatographic and electrophoretic approaches, respectively, must be used for unequivocal metabolite identification. The possibility of measuring collision cross-section (CCS) values by using ion mobility (IM) is becoming increasingly popular in metabolomic studies thanks to the new generation of IM mass spectrometers. Based on their similar separation mechanisms involving electric field and the size of the compounds, the complementarity of ^DTCCS_N2 and μ_eff needs to be evaluated. In this study, a comparison of ^DTCCS_N2 and μ_eff was achieved in the context of feature identification ability in untargeted metabolomics by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) coupled with HRMS. This study confirms the high correlation of ^DTCCS_N2 with the mass of the studied metabolites as well as the orthogonality between accurate mass and μ_eff, making this combination particularly interesting for the identification of several endogenous metabolites. The use of IM-MS remains of great interest for facilitating the annotation of neutral metabolites present in the electroosmotic flow (EOF) that are poorly or not separated by CZE.     

高压直流断路器测控装置的设计与试验分析

直流输(配)电是目前电网发展的趋势,而高压直流断路器的研发是影响其发展的关键技术之一。测量与控制装置的研究是高压直流断路器的研发要点。采用高压电力电子器件,DSP+FPGA相结合的控制方式,对其测控装置进行研究分析,提出了区间阈值的控制方法及相应的控制时序,从高压直流输电、能源多样化的发展需求入手,将机械开关和固态开光相结合,设计了一套混合式高压直流断路器样机。通过对样机进行合分闸试验及故障分闸试验,证明了所研制的高压直流断路器样机具有分闸动作快,限弧能力强,动作一致性好等优点。