A hybrid EDC/Flamelet approach for modelling biomass combustion of grate-firing furnace

This paper proposes a new combustion model for the simulation of biomass combustion. It is developed based on the framework of the well-known Eddy Dissipation Concept (EDC) approach, which has the ability to incorporate chemical kinetics in turbulent reacting flows and thus makes it suitable for modelling gas-phase combustion. However, its high computational cost when using detailed chemistry has made it impractical for modelling large/industrial setups. To address this handicap, the proposed approach decouples the real-time calculation of chemical and mixing processes by importing a pre-calculated steady laminar flamelet library into EDC. The development of this new model is performed based on a modified version of EDC (called Extended EDC), which is capable of modelling the gas-phase of biomass combustion over a wide range of turbulent flow conditions. The proposed model is validated by simulating the well-documented experiment of the piloted jet flames of Barlow and Frank. The performance of the model is then evaluated by simulating a small-scale grate firing biomass furnace. The results show that, overall, the proposed model can be used to model biomass combustion at substantially low computational cost.     

Prediction of particle sticking efficiency for fly ash deposition at high temperatures

The tendency of ash particles to stick under high temperatures is dictated by the ash chemistry, particle physical properties, deposit surface properties and furnace operation conditions. A model has been developed in order to predict the particle sticking efficiency for fly ash deposition at high temperatures. The model incorporates the particle properties relevant to the ash chemistry, particle kinetic energy and furnace operation conditions and takes into consideration the partial sticking behaviour and the deposit layer. To test the model, the sticking behaviours of synthetic ash in a drop tube furnace are evaluated and the slagging formation from coal combustion in a down-fired furnace is modelled. Compared with the measurements, the proposed model presents reasonable prediction performance on the particle sticking behaviour and the ash deposition formation. Through a sensitivity analysis, furnace operation conditions (velocity and temperature), contact angle and particle size have been found to be the significant factors in controlling the sticking behaviours for the synthetic ash particles. The ash chemistry and furnace temperature dictate the wetting potential of the ash particles and the melting ability of the deposit surface; particle size and density not only control the particle kinetic energy, but also affect the particle temperature. The furnace velocity condition has been identified as being able to influence the selective deposition behaviour, where the maximum deposition efficiency moves to smaller particles when increasing the gas velocity. In addition, the thermophoresis effect on the arrival rate of the particles reduces with increasing the gas velocity. Further, increasing the melting degree of the deposit layer could greatly enhance the predicted deposition formation, in particular for the high furnace velocity condition.     

Exploring the undrained cyclic behavior of methane-hydrate-bearing sediments using CFD–DEM

Based on the mechanical experimental results of methane hydrate (MH), a bond contact model considering the rate-dependency of MH is proposed. A CFD–DEM scheme considering fluid compressibility is used to simulate a series of undrained cyclic shear tests of numerical methane-hydrate-bearing sediment (MHBS) samples. The dynamic behavior, including stress–strain relationship, dynamic shear modulus, and damping ratio, is investigated. In addition, the force chains, contact fabric and averaged pure rotation rate (APR) are examined to investigate the relationships between micromechanical variables and macromechanical responses in the DEM MH samples. The effects of temperature, confining pressure and MH saturation are also analyzed. Due to the micro-structural strengthening by the MH bonds, no obvious change in microscopic quantities is observed, and the samples remain at the elastic stage under the applied low-shear stress level. When confining pressure and MH saturation increase, the dynamic elastic modulus increases, while the damping ratio decreases. An increasing temperature (leading to weakening of MH bonds) can lower the dynamic elastic modulus, but has almost no impact on the damping ratio. On the contrary, an increasing cyclic shear stress level lowers the damping ratio, but has almost no effect on the dynamic elastic modulus.     

The analysis of unsteady flow structure and low frequency pressure pulsations in the high-head Francis turbines

The paper presents results of numerical simulation of unsteady three-dimensional flow in the two high-head hydraulic turbines. The numerical technique for calculating of low-frequency pressure pulsations in a hydraulic turbine is based on the DES turbulence model and the approach of rotated reference frame. The paper also presents the analysis of the flow structure behind the runner of the turbines, as well as shows the effect of the flow structure on the frequency and intensity of non-stationary processes in the turbines. Besides, the behavior of the pulsations in the hydraulic turbines was defined. Comparison of the calculation results with the experimental data has shown close agreement between theory and experiment.     

夹套冰温库内流场的数值模拟

随着计算机技术的飞速发展,计算流体力学(CFD)越来越广泛地应用于各个领域。通过CFD对复杂流动问题进行研究,能够较精确地反映流场的流动情况。利用CFD技术对夹套冰温库内的流场进行了稳态数值模拟,分析了夹套冰温库内流场的分布情况,讨论了该库体结构下不同送风速度对库内流场均匀性的影响。研究表明,具有夹套结构的冰温库,库内流场分布均匀,采用顶部静压箱送风,底部四周回风的送回风方式,能够使库内形成自上而下的均匀活塞流,不同送风速度对冰温库内流场的影响很小。研究结果证明数值模拟能较好地反映现实情况。     

旋流式气液分离器内流场的数值模拟

气液分离器作为制冷系统中的关键部件,其分离性能的优劣对系统有着重要的影响。为了研究旋流式气液分离器的分离性能,首先从理论上介绍了旋流式气液分离器的分离机理,列出其主要结构参数,然后基于计算流体动力学(CFD)方法,采用Gambit建模,利用Fluent软件,对旋流式气液分离器进行了模拟仿真,并对进口附近壁面速度场、不同尺寸和进出口截面流场矢量图、纵向剖面气液体积分数分布图等进行了重点分析。仿真结果表明设计是正确、合理的。     

直接空冷凝汽器理论最佳背压的研究

为了更好地提高直接空冷机组系统运行的经济性,本文以直接空冷系统为研究对象,以空冷系统的热力模型为基础,综合考虑汽轮机功率与空冷风机耗功率,从理论上探索研究运行工况下的最佳背压以及有关主要因素对最佳背压影响的基本规律,从而为直接空冷机组的冷端优化和经济运行提供指导.     

湍流模型对风力机叶片气动性能预估的影响

本文采用计算流体力学软件Fluent,选取单方程Spalart-Allmaras模型、两方程低雷诺数k-ε模型和SSTk-ω模型等不同湍流模型,对NREL Phase VI风洞测试风力机的无偏航工况进行CFD模拟.通过将数值计算结果与相应的实验数据进行比较,发现在叶片表面为附着流时三种湍流模型数值模拟的结果都与实验数据吻合得很好,而在失速情况下两方程湍流模型的表现要优于单方程模型,其中以SST k-ω模型对截面压力分布、转矩等的预测更加准确.     

三维FW-H方程与CAA数值模拟匹配技术研究

本文研究了三维FW-H方程与CAA数值模拟匹配技术。首先验证了适于亚音任意运动声源的Farassat时域公式和适于亚音匀速直线运动声源的Lockard频域公式,采用均匀流中单极子源声辐射问题对两类公式进行了校核。进一步,采用FW-H／CAA匹配技术对风扇／压气机前传声进行了预测。近声场基于轴对称三维CAA方法获得,远声场则基于近声场数据采用三维可穿透FW-H方程时域公式进行预测,并校核算例着重分析了不同积分面对远场声指向性的影响。本文研究证实了FW-H／CAA数值模拟匹配技术的可行性和解决工程实际问题的潜力。     

加热铂丝上运动汽泡产生的射流

目前很多水的核态沸腾都观察到了汽泡顶部射流的现象。本文分析了沿细丝运动的汽泡顶部产生射流的物理机理,并通过对汽泡和加热细丝周围温度场和速度场的数值求解来进行分析。结果显示:由汽泡前后表面的温度梯度引起的热射流很可能是流动的最主要原因。热射流能够推动汽泡前进。对比和试验的观测指出,不凝气体或者其他可能的机理将限制汽泡界面处的凝结换热,从而增大表面温度梯度,增强热射流。