打水漂与物理学规律

打水漂是人类最古老的游戏之一.通过对打水漂进行简化定量分析得出,石块弹跳,只有在抛掷的初速度超过某个临界值时才会发生,并且给出了石块的最大弹跳次数.     

Singular potentials and double-force solutions for anisotropic laminates with coupled bending and stretching

Summary Exact solutions are obtained in the framework of the classical theory of laminates subjected to the action of normal moments, double forces, double moments or momentless double dipoles. Seven cases of such loads are considered and completed by considering the case of given transversal discontinuity of normal deflection. It is shown that, in contrast to the case of infinite straight dislocations in a pure in-plane problem, the energy of this eighth solution depends on the discontinuity orientation. Some numerical examples are presented. Besides the formal value, the obtained double-force and double-moment solutions, as well as dimensionless double dipoles, can be used to construct kernels of additional boundary integral equations (BIE). Due to the coupling phenomena in the BIE system for the region with a corner point, additional variable such as corner forces appear and require the mentioned equation. Received 22 June 1999; accepted for publication 6 March 2000     

测量和减小纳米凹凸面摩擦力的分子新技术

报道了美国用原子力显微镜可直接检测超微型设备内发动机转子与外表表面上凸点之间摩擦力的大小的研究成果，介绍了降低了时机的摩擦力的方法。     

Synthesis of achiral PEG‐PANI rod‐coil block copolymers and their helical superstructures

Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) was modified with aniline groups at both the end, and then PEG‐PANI rod‐coil block polymers have been synthesized by polymerization of the aniline with the aniline‐modified PEG. FTIR, NMR, and elemental analysis provided the chemical strucutre of the as‐prepared polymers. The achiral rod‐coil copolymer could form different superstructures by means of self‐assembly when adding diethyl ether into its THF solution and the length of PANI segments is a key factor to the superstructures. AFM measurements revealed that they form spring‐like helical superstructures from the short PANI‐containing copolymers while these form fibrous helical superstructures from the longer PANI‐containing copolymer. A possible mechanism of the helical superstructures is suggested in this article and the driving force is believed the π–π stacking of the rigid segment of the copolymers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 12–20, 2008     

Experimental examination of displacement field in an edge dislocation core in aluminum

The displacement field of an edge dislocation in aluminum was experimentally investigated. Three typical theoretical models were discussed. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and geometric phase analysis (GPA) were used to map the displacement field of an edge dislocation. The displacement field near the dislocation core was determined. The experimental show that Peierls-Nabarro model is the most appropriate theoretical model for displacement field of dislocation in aluminum.     

A simple method to construct soliton-like solution of the general KdV equation with external force

A simple and direct method is described to construct the soliton-like solution for the general KdV equation with external force. Crucial to the method is the assumption that the solution chosen is a special truncated expansion.     

Nanometer Scale Electrical Characterization of Artificial Mesostructures

In this article, we review advances in experimental techniques for the electrical characterization of artificial mesostructures from nanometer to micrometer size. As the scale of electronic devices is rapidly approaching the 100-nm benchmark, new tools are becoming necessary to study and characterize them. We are also at a point where new tools to fabricate these devices are becoming increasingly relevant. We discuss the various characterization techniques applicable to objects of this scale, with particular emphasis on scanned probe methods.     

Modeling the mean interaction forces between powder particles. Application to silica gel-magnesium stearate mixtures

Dry coating experiments were performed by using the Hybridizer (Nara). Large host silica gel (SG) particles (d₅₀ = 55 μm) were coated with fine invited particles of magnesium stearate (MS, d₅₀ = 4.6 μm) for different contents of MS in the mixture. The real MS mass fraction wI obtained after mechanical treatment has been determined thanks to calibration from TGA measurements. The surface structure and morphology of MS coatings were observed using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) [Y. Ouabbas, A. Chamayou, L. Galet, M. Baron, J. Dodds, A.M. Danna, G. Thomas, B. Guilhot, P. Grosseau, Modification of powders properties by dry coating: some examples of process and products characteristics, Proceedings of CHISA2008, Prague, August 2008, submitted for publication; L. Galet, Y. Ouabbas, A.M. Danna, G. Thomas, P. Grosseau, M. Baron, A. Chamayou, Surface morphology analysis and AFM study of silica gel particles after mechanical dry coating with magnesium stearate, Proceedings of PSA2008, UK, September 2008, submitted for publication].AFM has been also used to measure the adhesion forces between particles. Interaction forces between the material attached to the cantilever (magnesium stearate MS) and the surface of the composite material (silica gel SG or magnesium stearate MS) have been determined at different surface locations. For different compositions wI of the mixture MS-SG, the numeric distribution and the mean value f of the forces f_H obtained for MS-SG interactions or f_I for MS-MS interactions have been established and the experimental curve showing the evolution of f versus wI has been derived.Models of ordered structures have been developed, implying morphological hypotheses concerning large spherical or cylindrical host particles H and small invited spherical I. Different types of distribution of I materials onto the surface of H have been considered: for examples a discrete monolayer - or multilayers - of monosized particles I on the H surface. The coordinence of MS particles around SG particles has been estimated to calculate the free SG surface fraction through different modelling and to obtain the mean force f versus composition wI. The theoretical force values have been compared to experimental ones. The deviations have been discussed in terms of guest particle distributions on the surface of the large host particles and morphological hypotheses.     

Crystallization of propylene–ethylene random copolymers

Of the three melting peaks typical of a propylene–ethylene random copolymer (with 5.1 wt % ethylene) crystallized between 110 and 140 °C, the two higher peaks result from primary and secondary isothermal crystallization, whereas the material crystallized on cooling gives the lowest peak. In contrast to polypropylene homopolymers, which show strong morphological changes developing from the center of a spherulite, copolymer specimens are uniformly crosshatched. The highest melting peak is related to an open crosshatched framework of primary lamellae, and the next lower peak is related to later forming subsidiary lamellae filling the intervening space. The origin and nature of these double peaks are discussed in terms of the fractional crystallization and the ensuing constraints placed on isothermal lamellar thickening as a result of the exclusion of the comonomer from the polypropylene lattice. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 3318–3332, 2004