Studies on the analytical performance of a non-covalent coating with N,N-didodecyl-N,N-dimethylammonium bromide for separation of basic proteins by capillary electrophoresis in acidic buffers in 25-and 50-μm capillaries

Capillaries (25-and 50-μm inner diameter) coated with a double-alkyl-chain cationic surfactant N,N-didodecyl-N,N-dimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) were used for the separation of four basic standard proteins in buffers of pH 4 at various ionic strengths. The choice of buffer is critical for the analytical performance. Ammonium ions must be avoided in the buffer used in the non-covalent coating procedure owing to competition with the surfactant. Phosphate buffer gave a better separation performance than some volatile buffers; the reason seems to be a complex formation between the proteins and dihydrogenphosphate ions, which decreases tendencies for adsorption to the capillary surface. The DDAB coating was easy to produce and stable enough to permit, without recoating, consecutive separations of the proteins for up to 100 min with good precision in migration times and peak areas. A strong electroosmotic flow gives rapid separations, which is of special importance when commercial instruments are used, since the choice of the length of the capillary is restricted. Figure EOF stability in 25 micrometer i.d. capillaries. Consecutive injections of mesityloxide performed after an initial coating with 1.0     

Enantioselective total syntheses of ropivacaine and its analogues

An alternative asymmetric synthesis of ropivacaine and analogues employing the ‘cation pool’ strategy and host/guest supramolecular co-catalysis approach is presented. In this study, chiral auxiliaries, several soft nucleophiles as well as one-pot conditions for anodic oxidation, followed by nucleophilic addition, have been applied.     

Iridium Oxide Film Electrodes for Anodic Stripping Voltammetry

The new iridium oxide film electrode, applied for the determination of lead(II), cadmium(II) and copper(II) traces using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DP ASV) is presented. The electrode display an interesting stripping voltammetric performance which compares with electrodes commonly used in voltammetry. The deposited film is known as anodically electrodeposited iridium oxide film (AEIROF). The AEIROF electrode is characterized by long‐term stability (more than 40 days) and very good reproducibility of the analytical signals in this time (≤12% for 0.5 μM of lead). The regeneration of iridium film is very simple in a time shorter than 60 seconds. The effects of various factors such as: thickness of AEIROF film, preconcentration potential and time, supporting electrolyte composition, potential interferences are optimized. The detection limit for AEIROF film electrode based on glassy carbon for an accumulation time of 30 s is as low as 7 nM for lead(II). The repeatability of the method at a concentration level of the lead(II) as low as 0.5 μM, expressed as RSD is 2.5% (n=10). The proposed method was successfully applied and validated by studying certified reference material CTA‐OTL‐1. Such an attractive use of ‘mercury–free’ ‐ environmentally friendly electrodes offers great promise to measure trace metals.     

Properties of Poly(sodium 4‐styrenesulfonate)‐Ionic Liquid Composite Film and Its Application in the Determination of Trace Metals Combined with Bismuth Film Electrode

A new kind of bismuth film modified electrode to sensitively detect trace metal ions based on incorporating highly conductive ionic liquids 1‐butyl‐3‐methyl‐imidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIMPF₆) in solid matrices at glassy carbon (GC) was investigated. Poly(sodium 4‐styrenesulfonate) (PSS), silica, and Nafion were selected as the solid matrices. The electrochemical properties of the mixed films modified GC were evaluated. The electron transfer rate of Fe(CN)₆^4?/Fe(CN)₆^3? can be effectively improved at the PSS‐BMIMPF₆ modified GC. The bismuth modified PSS‐BMIMPF₆ composite film electrodes (GC/PSS‐BMIMPF₆/BiFEs) displayed high mechanical stability and sensitive stripping voltammetric performances for the determination of trace metal cations. The GC/PSS‐BMIMPF₆/BiFE exhibited well linear response to both Cd(II) and Pb(II) over a concentration range from 1.0 to 50 μg L^?1. And the detection limits were 0.07 μg L^?1 for Cd(II) and 0.09 μg L^?1 for Pb(II) based on three times the standard deviation of the baseline with a preconcentration time of 120 s, respectively. Finally, the GC/PSS‐BMIMPF₆/BiFEs were successfully applied to the determination of Cd(II) and Pb(II) in real sample, and the results of present method agreed well with those of atomic absorption spectroscopy.     

热对镍阳极膜光电流测定的影响

镍在碱溶液中阳极膜的形成和性质与化学电源和金属腐蚀等有关．在这方面已有较深入的研究报导．其研究方法也是多种多样,除一般的电化学方法［１,２］外,还有许多现场谱学方法,如：紫外＿可见光谱［３］,红外光谱［４］,光热光谱［５］,拉曼光谱［６］,椭圆法［７...     

界面缓蚀剂的吸附稳定性

研究表明：在一定条件下,阳极脱附电位可作为评价缓蚀剂吸附稳定性的一个经验参数：缓蚀剂吸脱附诱导的电化学振荡是缓蚀体系的一种特殊失稳状态,即缓蚀剂吸附过程与电极反应中间吸附态产物耦合的结果;卤素离子的协同作用不仅可以提高某些有机缓蚀剂的吸附复盖度,而且可以增强其吸附稳定性;微分极化曲线是研究吸附稳定性的有效方法。     

线性扫描阳极溶出伏安法测定微量银

以玻碳电极为工作电极,建立了线性扫描阳极溶出伏安法测定微量银的分析方法。在0.1 mol.L-1HNO3-KNO3和0.04 g.L-1聚乙烯醇的底液中,于+0.33 V处有一灵敏的氧化峰,峰电流与银离子浓度在0.01~0.40 mg.L-1范围内有良好的线性关系,检出限为5.0μg.L-1,方法应用于电镀废液、铜精矿、废照相胶卷样品中微量银的测定。     

阳极氧化TiN薄膜制备N掺杂纳米TiO2薄膜及其可见光活性

室温下通过电泳沉积(EPD)的方法在Ti片表面制备TiN薄膜, 然后对TiN薄膜进行阳极氧化得到N掺杂多孔纳米结构的TiO2薄膜. 利用X射线衍射(XRD), X射线光电子能谱(XPS), 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及光电化学方法对得到的薄膜进行表征. XRD测试结果表明, 经过阳极氧化并在350 ℃空气气氛中退火1 h的薄膜中存在锐钛矿晶型的TiO2. XPS的结果表明, 样品中的N元素取代部分O, 且N的摩尔分数为0.95%. SEM显示, 经阳极氧化后薄膜表面出现多孔纳米结构. 光电化学测试结果显示, 阳极氧化提高了N掺杂TiO2薄膜在可见光下的光电响应. 经阳极氧化并热处理的薄膜在0 V电位及可见光照射下光电流密度为2.325 μA·cm-2, 而单纯热处理的薄膜在相同条件下光电流密度仅为0.475 μA·cm-2. 阳极氧化得到纳米多孔结构提高了N掺杂纳米TiO2薄膜的表面积, 从而对可见光的响应增大.     

Maintenance of Soft Calibration Models in the Determination of Zinc,Cadmium, Lead and Copper by Differential Pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry

A strategy for constructing a global multivariate calibration model that includes calibration samples measured over time on different days is developed and applied in electroanalysis. Both synthetic and real samples (tap, extracted and river water) are analyzed by differential‐pulse anodic stripping voltammetry, showing the suitability of the global model constructed that provides successful results similar to those of the usual multivariate calibration. In addition the capability of discrimination of this model is evaluated in prediction for the mean of three replicates with estimation of probability of false noncompliance, α, and false compliance, β, being found 3.1, 11.2, 6.7 and 64.7 nM for nominal concentrations of zinc, cadmium, lead and copper of 96.0, 40.4, 37.3 and 328.0 nM respectively when α=β=0.05. It has been proven that the use of the global calibration does not imply a loss of multivariate analytical sensitivity, using this parameter as quality index of the analytical procedure. The viability of using calibration maintenance strategies with electroanalytical techniques is shown, providing a way to save time and experimental effort when these techniques are used in routine analysis.