航行体垂直出水载荷与空泡溃灭机理分析

针对航行体水下垂直发射出水载荷机理问题, 首先开展了典型工况全过程的数值 模拟, 得到了航行 体肩、尾空泡及表面压力的演化过程, 并与试验结果进行了对比验证. 在此基础上揭示了航 行体肩部空泡溃灭的过程和机制, 进而提出了出水溃灭压力的物理模型, 探索了空泡厚度、 水层厚度、声速等重要参数的影响, 讨论了试验溃灭压力相似律等相关问题.     

电池300余年的发展史

从300多年前“伏打电堆”的诞生之日起,电池便成为人类社会不可或缺的重要部分,能源短缺以及环境问题使人们一直在不停地寻找新的电池,也更进一步加速了电池的发展。本文介绍了各种最新电池的发展历史及其原理和用途,并对电池的未来发展做出展望。     

液体薄层中的超声空化*

液体薄层中的超声空化,因其边界及所处空间的特殊性,而呈现出非常独特的空化结构和演化行为,在超声清洗、超声钎焊、表面处理、近场声悬浮、超声化学等领域都有所应用。该文梳理了近几年该课题组在液体薄层中的超声空化研究中的一些成果,力图揭示液体薄层内空泡、空化云、空化场的运动和分布规律,及其产生、发展和演化过程,以期对液体薄层中的超声空化行为有一个相对清晰和完整的认识。     

核子与核力决定的核形状(英文)

讨论了最近提出的作为量子多体系统重要潜在机制之一的量子自组织,原子核无疑是最好的实例。由于原子核内核子的单粒子和集体运动共存,它们的相互制约决定了核结构。集体模式因其驱动力,如使椭球形变的四极力及其阻力达到平衡形成,而单粒子能量就是产生阻力的一种根源。当存在较大单粒子能隙时,相关的集体运动更易受到阻碍。因此,一般认为,单粒子运动和集体运动是相互对抗的"天敌"。然而,由于核力的多样和复杂性,单极相互作用使单粒子能量改变也能减小其对集体运动的阻碍而加强集体模式,该现象将通过Zr同位素实例加以说明。这就导致了量子自组织的产生:单粒子能量由两种量子液体（质子和中子）和控制阻力的单极相互作用自组织。于是,不同于朗道费米液体理论的结论,原子核不一定像填装了自由核子的刚性瓶。Ⅱ型壳演化即是包含跨准幻壳能隙激发的直观实例。在重核中,量子自组织因其轨道和核子数更多而更为重要。We discuss the quantum self-organization introduced recently as one of the major underlying mechanisms of the quantum many-body systems. Atomic nuclei are actually a good example, because two types of the motion of nucleons, single-particle states and collective modes, interplay in determining their structure. The collective mode appears as a consequence of the balance between the effect of the mode-driving force (e.g., quadrupole force for the ellipsoidal deformation) and the resistance power against it. The single-particle energies are one of the sources to bring about such resistance power:a coherent collective motion is more hindered by larger spacings between relevant single particle states. Thus, the single-particle state and the collective mode are "enemies" against each other in the usual understanding. However, the nuclear forces are rich and complicated enough so as to enhance relevant collective mode by reducing the resistance power by changing single-particle energies for each eigenstate through monopole interactions. This will be demonstrated with the concrete example taken from Zr isotopes. In this way, the quantum self-organization occurs:single-particle energies can be self-organized by (i) two quantum liquids, e.g., protons and neutrons, (ii) monopole interaction (to control resistance). Thus, atomic nuclei are not necessarily like simple rigid vases containing almost free nucleons, in contrast to the naïve Fermi liquid picture a la Landau. Type Ⅱ shell evolution is considered to be a simple visible case involving excitations across a (sub)magic gap. The quantum self-organization becomes more important in heavier nuclei where the number of active orbits and the number of active nucleons are larger.     

基于不稳定核基本性质测量的原子核结构研究

精密激光谱学是通过测量核素原子光谱的超精细结构和同位素移位来研究原子核的基本性质,为原子核自旋、磁矩、电四极矩及电荷均方根半径的确定提供了一种模型独立的测量方式。这些原子核基本性质的测量,能够比较精确地描述原子核微观结构的演化。近年来,随着放射性束流装置的发展,产生远离β-稳定线的丰中子/丰质子核素成为可能,也进一步促进了高分辨和高灵敏度的激光谱技术更加广泛的应用。简单介绍了基于放射性核素超精细结构的激光谱学测量原理,并通过几个经典实例来回顾近年来激光谱学在原子核奇特结构研究领域的独特贡献。主要通过分析几个重要核区原子核的基本性质,结合大尺度壳模型、ab initio理论、密度泛函理论等,来探索丰中子核中展现出来的一些新的奇特现象,如晕结构、幻数演化、形状共存等。High-precision laser spectroscopy technique is used to determine the ground state properties of exotic nuclei by probing its electronic hyperfine structure and isotope shift. It provides a model-independent measurement of nuclear spin, magnetic moment, electric quadrupole moment and charge radii. These nuclear parameters can be used to investigate the nuclear structure evolution and the nuclear shapes. With the development of accelerators and isotope separators, exotic isotopes far from β stability became accessible experimentally, which enhanced the capability of the laser spectroscopy technique being applied in the field of nuclear physics. A brief introduction to experimental principle is given, followed by a review of several typical examples for the experimental investigations in the different regions of nuclear chart. This aims to demonstrate the contributions of ground state properties measurement by using laser spectroscopy technique to the nuclear structure study of exotic isotopes. This discussion involves several different nuclear theory models in order to interpret the exotic phenomena observed in the neutron-rich isotopes, such as halo structure, shell evolution, shape coexistence and so on.     

相对论平均场理论对∧,Ξ和∑超核的研究(英文)

基于相对论平均场理论,系统地研究了单∧,Ξ和∑超核,超子-核子相互作用通过拟合实验数据以及参照之前理论工作来确定。以16O为核芯,通过加入不同类型超子（∧,Ξ0,-和∑+,0,-）,比较了超子的平均势场和单粒子能级,并研究了对核芯的杂质效应。整体上看,∧和Ξ0超子在大块性质上类似;Ξ0超子平均势场最浅;库仑相互作用对于带电超子Ξ-,∑+和∑-非常重要。作为杂质,原子核中加入超子会使整个体系更束缚。然而,不同超子对原子核的半径有不同效应。此外,讨论了ωYY张量耦合,发现其对超子的能级劈裂有显著影响,甚至导致Ξ超子中出现能级反转现象。Single ∧, Ξ, and ∑ hypernuclei are systematically studied within the framework of relativistic mean-field (RMF) model with YN interactions being constrained according to the experimental data and previous theoretical efforts. By adding a hyperon to 16O, the mean-field potentials and single-particle levels for hyperons (∧, Ξ0,-, and ∑+,0,-) are compared and the impurity effects on the nuclear core are examined. In general, the ∧ and ∑0 hyperons show similar behaviors in bulk properties since both of them are electroneutral and with similar coupling constants; Ξ0 hyperon owns the shallowest mean-field potential well; and Coulomb interactions play vital roles in the charged Ξ-, ∑-, and ∑+ hyperons. As an impurity, the intruded single-hyperon makes the nuclear system more bound in most cases due to the attractive NY interaction. However, very different effects on the nucleon radii are observed for different hyperons. Besides, the effects of the ωYY tensor couplings on the spin-orbit splitting are discussed, and remarkable influences are found which even change the level ordering of Ξ hyperon.     

∧超核中单粒子谱的自旋及赝自旋对称性研究(英文)

原子核中单粒子谱的自旋和赝自旋对称性对核结构的研究具有重要意义。本文基于相对论平均场理论,以132Sn,_∧133Sn,及_2∧134Sn为例,研究了∧超核中单∧谱和单中子谱的自旋和赝自旋对称性。研究发现,单∧谱的自旋对称性保持得相当好,与实验观测一致;而其赝自旋对称性只是近似保持,与核子谱的情况类似。此外,还研究了∧超子对中子谱的杂质效应,发现∧超子使中子谱的自旋对称性变差,赝自旋对称性变好。Spin and pseudospin symmetries in the single-particle spectra of atomic nuclei are of great significance for the study of nuclear structure. In this work, taking 132Sn, _∧133Sn, and _2∧134Sn as examples, the spin and pseudospin symmetries in ∧ hypernuclei are studied by using the relativistic mean-field model. For the single-∧ spectra, results show that the spin symmetry maintains well while the pseudospin symmetry is approximately conserved. Besides, as impurities, the ∧ hyperons worsen the spin symmetry of single-neutron spectra while improve the pseudospin symmetry.     

藻类叶绿素荧光对除草剂生物毒性响应特性的研究

以蛋白核小球藻、铜绿微囊藻、斜生栅藻为敏感藻,研究了莠去津、敌稗、敌草隆、灭草松四种除草剂及其混合剂对藻类光合特性的影响规律,实验同时确定了三种微藻荧光对除草剂的最佳响应时间。实验结果表明,除草剂显著降低了藻细胞类囊体膜中光系统Ⅱ的最大光合效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光合效率(Y(Ⅱ))、绝对电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学猝灭系数(qP),而非光化学猝灭系数(qN)呈现上升趋势,400 μg·L-1敌草隆使蛋白核小球藻Fv/Fm参数值下降了41%。实验选用的三种实验藻在四种除草剂单独和混合胁迫下均发生了不同程度的光抑制效应,表现出光合效率、电子传递速率、光合活性的降低和光保护能力的增强,藻类自身具有一定的光保护机制可以降低除草剂的影响。除草剂能够影响藻细胞叶绿素荧光强度,其中灭草松对蛋白核小球藻的影响最为显著,在400 μg·L-1灭草松影响下蛋白核小球藻的叶绿素荧光强度下降了44%。     

槲皮素包裹修饰硅包银纳米颗粒作为荧光传感器对铜离子的识别作用

制备了一种基于天然产物槲皮素接枝硅包银核壳结构的纳米荧光传感器(Ag@SiO₂@Qc),对铜离子具有好的选择性和灵敏性。Ag@SiO₂@Qc与Cu2+离子结合后,荧光发射强度发生猝灭,并且可通过荧光滴定光谱得到了荧光滴定曲线：y = -32.864x+587.59(R2=0.998),其线性范围分别为：3×10-7~4.8×10-6 mol·L-1,最低检测限为1.0×10-7 mol·L-1。并且将Ag@SiO₂@Qc应用于环境中水样的检测结果的准确度好,精密度高,而且更加环保、方便、快捷,具有很大发展潜力与应用价值。     

CdSe:Nd纳米晶及CdSe:Nd@SiO2核壳结构的合成及发光性能

利用有机相法合成Nd³⁺掺杂CdSe纳米晶（CdSe∶Nd）,通过X射线粉末衍射（XRD）、透射电镜（TEM）、紫外吸收光光谱及荧光光谱表征,证明Nd³⁺已经成功掺入到CdSe的晶格中。与纯CdSe纳米晶相比,CdSe∶Nd纳米晶的结构仍为立方晶型,且形貌近似球形,均匀分散,粒径约为2~4 nm。紫外吸收峰和荧光发射峰都发生红移,而且掺杂后的CdSe∶Nd纳米晶量子产率也提高,这可能是由于掺杂Nd³⁺引入了新的杂质能级,带隙减小。为了实现CdSe∶Nd纳米晶的可加工性和功能性,通过微乳法合成SiO₂壳包覆的CdSe∶Nd纳米球（CdSe∶Nd@SiO₂纳米球）,CdSe∶Nd@SiO₂纳米球呈均匀球形,直径约为100~115 nm,并且包壳后的CdSe∶Nd@SiO₂纳米球发射峰（581 nm）与CdSe∶Nd纳米晶（598 nm）相比,发光强度提高且发射峰蓝移,蓝移约为17 nm,可能是因为SiO₂壳可以减少纳米晶表面的非辐射跃迁以及改善表面缺陷导致的。