Substrate specificity of the human proteasome

BACKGROUND: Regulated proteolysis by the proteasome is crucial for a broad array of cellular processes, from control of the cell cycle to production of antigens. RESULTS: The rules governing the N-terminal primary and extended substrate specificity of the human 20S proteasome in the presence or absence of 11S proteasome activators (REGalpha/beta and REGgamma) have been elaborated using activity-based proteomic library tools. CONCLUSIONS: The 11S proteasome activators are shown to be important for both increasing the activity of the 20S proteasome and for altering its cleavage pattern and substrate specificity. These data also establish that the extended substrate specificity is an important factor for proteasomal cleavage. The specificities observed have features in common with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I ligands and can be used to improve the prediction of MHC class I restricted cytotoxic T-cell responses.     

Velocity measurement inside a motored internal combustion engine using three-component laser Doppler anemometry

A three-component laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) system has been employed to investigate the structure of the flow inside the cylinder of a motored internal combustion engine. This model engine was reasonably representative of a typical, single cylinder, spark ignition engine although it did not permit firing. It was equipped with overhead valve gear and optical access was provided in the top and side walls of the cylinder. A principal objective was to study the influence of the inlet port design on the flow within the cylinder during the induction and compression strokes of the engine. Here, it can be noted that results obtained in an unfired engine are believed to be representative of the flow behaviour before combustion occurs in a fired engine (see P.O. Witze, Measurements of the spatial distribution and engine speed dependence of turbulent air motion in an i.c. engine, SAE Paper No. 770220, 1977; Witze, Sandia Laboratory Energy Report, SAND 79-8685, Sandia Laboratories, USA, 1979). Experimental data presented for an inclined inlet port configuration reveal the complex three-dimensional nature of the flow inside the model engine cylinder. Not surprisingly, the results also show that the inclined inlet port created flow conditions more favourable to mixing in the cylinder. Specifically, the inclined inlet flow was found to generate a region with a relatively high shear and strong recirculation zones in the cylinder. Inclining the inlet port also produced a more nearly homogeneous flow structure at top dead centre during the compression stroke. The paper identifies the special difficulties encountered in making the LDA measurements. The experimental findings are examined and the problems that arise in presenting time-varying three-dimensional data of this type are discussed. Finally, the future potential of this experimental approach is explored.     

Markov 骨架过程的随机时变换

讨论了Markov骨架过程的随机时变换,给出了一类变换Markov骨架过程为Markov骨架过程的随机时变换.     

斜向梁柱外伸端板连接节点的恢复力模型研究

为简化实际工程结构中斜向梁柱外伸端板连接节点的分析与设计，利用欧洲规范EC3的组件法提出了斜向梁柱外伸端板连接节点的恢复力模型。首先，采用组件法计算了斜向梁柱外伸端板连接节点的初始转动刚度和屈服承载力，提出了外伸端板连接节点考虑钢梁倾角影响的初始转动刚度计算公式。通过对试验试件骨架曲线的无量纲化拟合了此类节点的三折线骨架曲线模型。通过回归分析确定了斜向梁柱外伸端板连接节点的卸载刚度计算公式。在此基础上，建立了斜向梁柱外伸端板连接节点的三线型恢复力模型。通过与试验及参数有限元分析结果的对比，验证了斜向梁柱外伸端板连接节点恢复力模型的准确性，研究成果可为斜向外伸端板连接节点的工程分析提供参考。