基于组织与行业可见度的企业慈善捐助水平研究

以汶川地震和玉树地震为背景,通过多元回归模型,探讨了在灾害事件背景下,组织可见度、行业可见度、企业规模和利润水平对企业慈善捐助水平的影响.结果表明,企业规模与企业慈善捐助数量并没有呈现出三阶段特征(正-负-正),而是明显正相关关系;而当控制了企业规模和公司利润水平后,虽然组织可见度对企业慈善捐助水平有明显的积极影响,但经济因素(企业规模)仍然是影响企业慈善捐助水平的最主要因素;此外,企业利润水平对企业慈善捐助水平有着明显的积极影响;最后,行业可见度对企业慈善捐助水平并不存在显著影响.     

OPTIONS FOR THE REGULATION OF MEDITERRANEAN DEMERSAL FISHERIES

Research and management actions are reviewed with respect to demersal fisheries of the Mediterranean since the Second World War, as reflected in the activities of the General Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean, (GFCM). The scientific background to the priority concern expressed for minimum size limits in the 1960's and 1970's is discussed, and in particular, the mesh selectivity experiments that formed the basis for yield per recruit calculations, with respect to the trawl fishery. More recent considerations, changing our perception of the appropriateness of size at first capture of demersal fish as a management tool in trawl fisheries, are reviewed. It is concluded that for multispecies fisheries where the first priority for fishing effort control is not respected, size limits based on size at maturity, rather than yield per recruit criteria, are more feasible, but that changes in mesh size need to take into account subsequent changes in equity between inshore and offshore fleets, and changes in species composition and areas of distribution during the life history. They also need to consider the high landed value of small fish in many Mediterranean fisheries. Alternative, or supplementary, measures to mesh size regulation that affect capture of small fish are also reviewed, including seasonal closures, closed areas, bans on trawling inshore, and regulations on minimum size at sale. A range of problems to be considered prior to deciding on an increase in mesh size are reviewed, including changes in total effort exerted, changes in increases in fishing power (and especially the impacts on the spawning stock), changes in discard rate, “meshing” of small fish, and indirect mortality during fishing. A strategy for introducing new mesh sizes is suggested, with emphasis, where possible, on the experimental approach, and on supplementary measures to control fishing effort. The paper concludes by considering an alternative paradigm to minimum size regulation for demersal fisheries management; namely, the exploitation of juvenile fish, with provision for escapement of a small proportion of large, mature fish offshore, for which exploitation rate declines and remains low. It is suggested that this strategy may be, de facto, the one prevailing in the small mesh size inshore trawl fishery prior to development of offshore fisheries. The implications of this possibility have to be considered seriously if high effort levels are to be maintained while effective size limits are raised.     

Exploring Depth Versus Breadth in Knowledge Management Strategies

This paper provides an early attempt at operationalizing and testing the concept of knowledge strategy. Using a computer-simulated product development process, we compare the performance of generalist and specialist knowledge management strategies under conditions of market turbulence. The generalist knowledge strategy emphasizes breadth of knowledge in product development teams, while the specialist strategy focuses on depth of knowledge. Our generalist and specialist strategies are grounded in Eastern and Western perspectives of knowledge management, respectively. A primary difference between these two approaches is the strong emphasis on cross-learning, or learning across team members, in the Eastern perspective relative to the Western perspective. As such, we examine the performance implications of different modes of cross-learning for teams utilizing the generalist knowledge strategy. Specifically, we examine three modes of cross-learning, which are reflected in the use of three learning decision rules: (1) averaging, (2) majority, and (3) hot hand. A learning decision rule indicates how decision-makers learn from their fellow team members. Under the first rule, the decision-maker adopts an average of the beliefs held by fellow team members. Under the second rule, if a majority of fellow team members agree on a particular solution, then the decision-maker adopts the beliefs held by the majority. Under the third rule, the decision-maker learns from the team member whose beliefs have been consistent with market desires most recently. Surprisingly, we find that specialist strategies outperform generalist strategies under conditions of low and high market turbulence. We also find that cross-learning can be beneficial or detrimental, contingent upon the mode of learning. Generalist teams utilizing the averaging decision rule perform significantly worse, while generalist teams utilizing the hot hand decision rule perform significantly better.     

STUDY ON COAL-BED GAS COMPOSITIONS AND ITS GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN CHINA

This paper considers, through a lot of measured data of coal-bed gas, that the coal-bed gas is a kind of mixed gas of complex composition with some heavy hydrocarbons. In general, it is not a dry gas. The coal-bed hydrocarbon gases can obviously be divided into three stages of gas-storage: "poor hydrocarbon-storing stage", "rich hydrocarbon-storing stage" and "declining hydrocarbon stage". Authors point out that the normal gas geochemical indexes can relatively well show the geochemical chatacteristics of coal-bed gas. But, "the Benzene Index (B)" is a good indicator to identify the gas original types, and "the Hexane Index(H)" can show the gas evolution law and the organic matter maturity.     

Dynamics of organizational rumor communication on connecting multi-small-world networks

We study the dynamics of an epidemic-like model for the spread of a rumor on a connecting multi-small-world-network (CM-SWN) model, which represents organizational communication in the real world. It has been shown that this model exhibits a transition between regimes of localization and propagation at a finite value of network randomness. Here, by numerical means, we perform a quantitative characterization of the evolution in the three groups under two evolution rules, namely the conformity and obeying principles. The variant of a dynamic CM-SWN, where the quenched disorder of small-world networks is replaced by randomly changing connections between individuals in a single network and stable connection by star nodes between networks, is also analysed in detail and compared with a mean-field approximation.     

Mechanical characterization of HIV‐1 with a solid‐state nanopore sensor

Enveloped viruses fuse with cells to transfer their genetic materials and infect the host cell. Fusion requires deformation of both viral and cellular membranes. Since the rigidity of viral membrane is a key factor in their infectivity, studying the rigidity of viral particles is of great significance in understating viral infection. In this paper, a nanopore is used as a single molecule sensor to characterize the deformation of pseudo‐type human immunodeficiency virus type 1 at sub‐micron scale. Non‐infective immature viruses were found to be more rigid than infective mature viruses. In addition, the effects of cholesterol and membrane proteins on the mechanical properties of mature viruses were investigated by chemically modifying the membranes. Furthermore, the deformability of single virus particles was analyzed through a recapturing technique, where the same virus was analyzed twice. The findings demonstrate the ability of nanopore resistive pulse sensing to characterize the deformation of a single virus as opposed to average ensemble measurements.     

Estimation of relative water content in rice panicle based on hyperspectral vegetation indexes under water saving irrigation

Determining grain water content is a traditional method to quantify maturity, but this method is laborious. Ground-based remote sensing with rapidness and flexibility has been widely used in evaluating rice growth, but less attention has been paid to predicting physiological maturity. A field experiment with rice was conducted to investigate the effects of water saving irrigation on physiological maturity based on hyperspectral data. The results indicated that, with higher coefficients of determination (R² = 0.93 and 0.87, respectively), higher residual prediction deviation (RPD = 3.54 and 2.58, respectively) and lower root mean square error (RMSE = 2.88 and 4.43, respectively) among the tested models, R₁₆₅₄/R₆₆₂ and R₅₄₆/R₅₆₂ were suggested as the optimal indexes for monitoring relative water content in rice panicle under flooding and wetting conditions, respectively. This finding is helpful in providing reference for monitoring rice physiological maturity.     

基于成熟度理论的集团企业人力资源管理质量等级评价理论和方法研究

对企业的人力资源管理质量进行评价,有助于促进其人力资源管理质量的持续提升。本文以集团企业为例,基于成熟度理论,研究提出了人力资源管理质量概念框架、成熟度等级,从组织、员工和文化三元视角构建了由5大方面、14个维度、66项指标构成的集团企业人力资源管理质量评价OEC^⑤-66模型,给出了人力资源管理质量评价计算方法、质量等级判断标准,以期为集团企业人力资源管理质量的评价和提升提供科学参考。     

On the Squalene Content of CV Chondrolia Chalkidikis and Chalkidiki (Greece) Virgin Olive Oil

This work is a continuation of efforts to establish the nutritional profile of virgin olive oil (VOO) from cv. Chondrolia Chalkidikis and Chalkidiki and to strengthen its positioning in the global VOO landscape. VOOs produced at an industrial scale in different olive mills of the Chalkidiki (Greece) regional unit as well as VOOs obtained at the laboratory scale from drupes of different maturity stages for four consecutive harvesting years were examined for their squalene (SQ) content using both HPLC and GC procedures. The mean values of SQ were found to be 4228 (HPLC) and 4865 (GC) mg/kg oil (n = 15) and were of the same magnitude as that in VOOs from cv Koroneiki (4134 mg/kg, n = 23). Storage of VOOs in the dark at room temperature for 18 months indicated an insignificant mean SQ content loss (~2%) in comparison to a mean loss of 26% for alpha-tocopherol content. This finding strengthens our view that SQ does not act as a radical scavenger that donates hydrogen atoms to the latter. The four consecutive harvest years studied indicated a clear declining trend in VOO SQ concentration upon olive ripening. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic work concerning the SQ content of Chondrolia Chalkidikis and Chalkidiki VOOs.     

Making Organizational Learning Operational: Implications from Learning Classifier Systems

The concepts of organizational learning in organization and management science cover a very wide range of organization-related activities in organization. Since socially situated intelligence is one of such activities, this paper makes the concept of organizational learning operational from the computational viewpoint for investigating socially situated intelligence. In particular, this paper focuses on the characteristics of multiagent learning as one kind of socially situated intelligence, and analyzes them using four operationalized learning mechanisms in organizational learning. A careful investigation on the characteristics of multiagent learning has revealed the following implications: (1) there are two levels in the learning mechanisms for multiagent learning (the individual level and organizational level) and each mechanism is divided into two types (single- and double-loop learning). The integration of these four learning mechanisms improves socially situated intelligence; and (2) the following properties support socially situated intelligence: (a) different dimensions in learning mechanisms, (b) interaction among various levels and types of learning mechanisms in addition to interaction among agents, and (c) combination of exploration at an individual level and exploitation at an organizational level.