全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1379篇 |
免费 | 159篇 |
国内免费 | 65篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 215篇 |
晶体学 | 1篇 |
力学 | 34篇 |
综合类 | 159篇 |
数学 | 748篇 |
物理学 | 446篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 2篇 |
2023年 | 21篇 |
2022年 | 26篇 |
2021年 | 34篇 |
2020年 | 35篇 |
2019年 | 47篇 |
2018年 | 32篇 |
2017年 | 30篇 |
2016年 | 39篇 |
2015年 | 31篇 |
2014年 | 56篇 |
2013年 | 60篇 |
2012年 | 37篇 |
2011年 | 58篇 |
2010年 | 59篇 |
2009年 | 96篇 |
2008年 | 75篇 |
2007年 | 91篇 |
2006年 | 87篇 |
2005年 | 79篇 |
2004年 | 63篇 |
2003年 | 66篇 |
2002年 | 64篇 |
2001年 | 45篇 |
2000年 | 38篇 |
1999年 | 39篇 |
1998年 | 33篇 |
1997年 | 28篇 |
1996年 | 31篇 |
1995年 | 52篇 |
1994年 | 24篇 |
1993年 | 26篇 |
1992年 | 17篇 |
1991年 | 9篇 |
1990年 | 13篇 |
1989年 | 13篇 |
1988年 | 8篇 |
1987年 | 8篇 |
1986年 | 5篇 |
1985年 | 6篇 |
1984年 | 3篇 |
1983年 | 5篇 |
1982年 | 2篇 |
1981年 | 2篇 |
1980年 | 3篇 |
1979年 | 2篇 |
1977年 | 1篇 |
1973年 | 1篇 |
1972年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有1603条查询结果,搜索用时 158 毫秒
21.
Twin Paradox and the Logical Foundation of Relativity Theory 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
We study the foundation of space-time theory in the framework of first-order logic (FOL). Since the foundation of mathematics has been successfully carried through (via set theory) in FOL, it is not entirely impossible to do the same for space-time theory (or relativity). First we recall a simple and streamlined FOL-axiomatization Specrel of special relativity from the literature. Specrel is complete with respect to questions about inertial motion. Then we ask ourselves whether we can prove the usual relativistic properties of accelerated motion (e.g., clocks in acceleration) in Specrel. As it turns out, this is practically equivalent to asking whether Specrel is strong enough to “handle” (or treat) accelerated observers. We show that there is a mathematical principle called induction (IND) coming from real analysis which needs to be added to Specrel in order to handle situations involving relativistic acceleration. We present an extended version AccRel of Specrel which is strong enough to handle accelerated motion, in particular, accelerated observers. Among others, we show that~the Twin Paradox becomes provable in AccRel, but it is not provable without IND. 相似文献
22.
The decision problem for positively quantified formulae in the theory of linearly ordered Heyting algebras is known, as a special case of work of Kreisel, to be solvable; a simple solution is here presented, inspired by related ideas in Gödel-Dummett logic. 相似文献
23.
24.
25.
Normative KGP agents 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Fariba Sadri Kostas Stathis Francesca Toni 《Computational & Mathematical Organization Theory》2006,12(2-3):101-126
We extend the logical model of agency known as the KGP model, to support agents with normative concepts, based on the roles
an agent plays and the obligations and prohibitions that result from playing these roles. The proposed framework illustrates
how the resulting normative concepts, including the roles, can evolve dynamically during the lifetime of the agent. Furthermore,
we illustrate how these concepts can be combined with the existing capabilities of KGP agents in order to plan for their goals,
react to changes in the environment, and interact with other agents. Our approach gives an executable specification of normative
concepts that can be used directly for prototyping applications.
Fariba Sadri is a senior lecturer at Imperial College London, from where she received her PhD. Her earlier work concentrated on integrity
of deductive databases and temporal reasoning, in particular using the event calculus. In more recent years her work has been
on agent technologies and multi-agent systems. She has worked on logic-based agent models, reasoning, dynamic belief revision,
and inter-agent communication and negotiation for resources. She was co-awarded an EPSRC grant for research into logic-based
multi-agents and was co-investigator in the EU SOCS project.
Kostas Stathis is a senior lecturer at Royal Holloway, University of London and he holds a PhD from Imperial College London. His research
interests are in the area of computational intelligence in general and in the intersection of computational logic and cognitive
systems for social computing applications in particular. His research interests include: representation of human-computer
(or computer-computer) interaction as a game; cognitive & autonomous agents; artificial agent societies; agent communication;
programmable agents and agent platforms. He is a co-investigator of the EU ArguGRID project and was a co-investigator of the
EU SOCS project.
Francesca Toni is a senior lecturer at Imperial College London, from where she received her PhD. Her earlier work focused on abductive reasoning.
In more recent years, she focused on argumentation, agent models and multi-agent systems. She has worked on computational
logic-based agent models, agent reasoning, dynamic belief revision, and inter-agent communication and negotiation for resources.
She has been co-ordinator of the EU SOCS project, which developed the KGP model of agency, and is coordinator of the EU ArguGRID
project, on the application of argumentative agents within grid systems. 相似文献
26.
27.
In distinction from the well-known double-negation embeddings of the classical logic we consider some variants of single-negation embeddings and describe some classes of superintuitionistic first-order predicate logics in which the classical first-order calculus is interpretable in such a way. Also we find the minimal extensions of Heyting's logic in which the classical predicate logic can be embedded by means of these translations. 相似文献
28.
Modal logics with the binary operator Until are considered. It is shown that there exists a continuum of consistent U-logics without Kripke frames, and that each U-logic whose class of order does not have the finite frame property. 相似文献
29.
Rosalie Iemhoff 《Mathematical Logic Quarterly》2003,49(3):230-249
In this paper we study the modal behavior of Σ‐preservativity, an extension of provability which is equivalent to interpretability for classical superarithmetical theories. We explain the connection between the principles of this logic and some well‐known properties of HA, like the disjunction property and its admissible rules. We show that the intuitionistic modal logic given by the preservativity principles of HA known so far, is complete with respect to a certain class of frames. 相似文献
30.
环境演算(MA)的模态逻辑AL进行了研究.在考虑了复制操作和限制操作的情况下,提出了逻辑等价的协归纳操作描述,并利用协归纳关系与进程结构同余关系进行比较,证明了若对MA加上约束条件得到子集MAIF^syn,此时逻辑等价(=L)与结构同余关系是等价的,即AL在MAIF^syn中是内涵的.同时发现由于复制操作的存在,AL的内涵性受到了影响,使得AL的区分能力被削弱,但通过对复制公式的构造验证了AL的表达能力. 相似文献