Determination of Trialkyl and Triaryl Phosphates by Narrow-bore Liquid Chromatography with On-line Thermionic Detection

Abstract

The potential of a previously reported on-line reversed-phase liquid chromatography-thermionic detector (LC–TID) system has been further evaluated. Several trialkyl (trimethyl to tri-octyl) and triaryl (triphenyl and tri-o-cresyl) phosphates were chosen as model compounds. LC was done on an alkyl-bonded silica column with methanol-water (80:20) at a flow-rate of 35—70μ/min as eluent. The band broadening in the interface-TID unit increased with decreasing volatility of the compounds and for the relatively non-volatile compounds, the band broadening decreased with increasing eluent flow-rate.

For most of the test compounds, detection limits of 40–100pg were obtained. As an illustration of the high selectivity of the LC[sbnd]TID system, the trace-level determination of two aryl phosphates in sediment samples is reported.     

Strategies for Natural Products Discovery from Uncultured Microorganisms

Microorganisms are highly regarded as a prominent source of natural products that have significant importance in many fields such as medicine, farming, environmental safety, and material production. Due to this, only tiny amounts of microorganisms can be cultivated under standard laboratory conditions, and the bulk of microorganisms in the ecosystems are still unidentified, which restricts our knowledge of uncultured microbial metabolism. However, they could hypothetically provide a large collection of innovative natural products. Culture-independent metagenomics study has the ability to address core questions in the potential of NP production by cloning and analysis of microbial DNA derived directly from environmental samples. Latest advancements in next generation sequencing and genetic engineering tools for genome assembly have broadened the scope of metagenomics to offer perspectives into the life of uncultured microorganisms. In this review, we cover the methods of metagenomic library construction, and heterologous expression for the exploration and development of the environmental metabolome and focus on the function-based metagenomics, sequencing-based metagenomics, and single-cell metagenomics of uncultured microorganisms.     

影响电子商务客户流失因素分析

鉴于客户流失给电子商务带来的严重损失,需要深入分析影响客户流失的因素,从而指导企业有针对性地改进服务.通过语言信息理论,邀请专家对电子商务客户流失因素进行了分析.通过基于正态分布的有序加权平均(Ordered Weighted Averaging,OWA)对结果进行了处理.在此基础上,提出了影响客户流失因素的分析方法,为企业改进服务提供了强有力的智力支持.     

Occurrence and spatial distribution of statins,fibrates and their metabolites in aquatic environments

Due to widespread occurrence of lipid lowering drugs such as statins, fibrates and their metabolites in the aquatic environments, there is a worldwide growing concern in their role in water quality and aquatic biota. However, this concern is limited by ability to address their occurrence, distribution, fate and eco-toxicological effects. This study focuses on the quantification of the levels of statins, fibrates and their metabolites in the aquatic environments using Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to high resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS). The developed UHPLC–QTOF–MS based method was successfully applied to the analysis of statins, fibrates and metabolites in real water samples collected from Daspoort WWWs influent and effluent and Apies River. A series of statin compounds (mevastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin), fibrates (gemfibrozil, fenofibrate) and the corresponding metabolites (clofibric and fenofibric acids) were detected and quantified in the range of 0.56–19.90 µg/L in both waste and River water samples. In general, the results of the present study are an indication of pollution hazards from wastewater treatment processes and these levels poses a huge risk to the growth and reproduction of aquatic organisms. Thus, regulating the limit levels of statins, fibrates and metabolites in any type of water is paramount as it will provide the vital information on the toxic risks associated with organic pollutants of pharmaceutical origin.     

基于医保规制和消费者效用的双渠道医药供应链竞争策略

医药消费者在面对双渠道零售时,会明显受到实体渠道医保报销政策的影响。基于这一现象,本文构建了同时考虑医保规制政策和消费者效用的双渠道医药供应链博弈模型,研究了医保报销比例和电商佣金比例对双渠道定价、供应链绩效以及社会福利的影响规律。研究结果表明:医药双渠道定价会同时随着平台收费标准和医保报销比例的增加而降低;医保报销比例的增加会提高社会福利、降低供应链绩效,同时会弱化网络渠道低价优势,能够有效抑制渠道蚕食现象;电商平台佣金比例的增加虽然在一定程度上提高了社会福利,但是会严重瓜分渠道利润,加剧渠道竞争,导致供应链绩效降低。     

服务生态系统环境下利益相关者价值共创的演化博弈分析

服务生态系统作为网络环境下的新型价值创造模式,近年来已成为国内外学术界研究的热点。首先,在明确服务生态系统价值共创模式的基础上,将价值创造过程的利益相关者划分为服务提供者、服务促进者和服务接受者。其次,引入演化博弈的方法,对服务生态系统价值共创的演化均衡状态及其收益进行刻画。最后分析了不同条件下服务生态系统共创收益与均衡状态之间的关系。研究结果表明,价格弹性在服务生态系统的演化过程中起主导作用,直接影响服务化的收益状况和系统的均衡状态;在不对系统收益分配进行调控的情况下,价值滑移降低了系统价值共创的效率,均衡状态的收益值低于系统最大收益值;对系统的收益分配进行调控能够提升价值共创效率,奖励策略能够决定系统的最终演化状态,而惩罚策略则能够加快系统的收敛速度。     

Quantifying the complexity of flow networks: How many roles are there?

Weighted flow networks are structures that arise naturally when analyzing complex systems. The countable properties of unweighted networks are not easily generalized to weighted networks. One candidate measure of complexity is the number of roles, or specialized functions in a network. It is easy to identify the number of roles in a linear or cyclic unweighted network. There is only one logically consistent way to generalize the measures of nodes, flows, connectivity, and roles into weighted networks, and these generalizations are equivalent to indices derived from information theory and used by ecologists since the late seventies. Data from ecosystem networks suggests that ecosystems inhabit a narrow window of the parameter space defined by these measures. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

基于Vague集的创新生态系统生态位适宜度评价模型研究

将Vague集理论推广到创新生态系统生态位适宜度评价问题中,提出了Vague集超体积生态位的概念,并在此基础上构建了创新生态系统生态位适宜度评价模型.模型给出了基于踌躇度有序加权适宜度(π—OWA)算子的生态因子赋权方法;构建了基于Vague集的生态位最适值确定方法和适宜度评价方法.最后,通过算例验证了评价模型的有效性和可行性.     

大熊猫主食竹生态系统恢复力研究

大熊猫最主要的食物来源于主食竹,因此大熊猫-主食竹构成的生态系统较为脆弱.建立了带有主食竹环境容纳量的大熊猫-主食竹生态系统模型,分析了系统具有正平衡点、正平衡点稳定的条件,讨论了生态系统恢复率与主食竹环境容纳量的关系,临界松弛出现的阈值,及Hopf分支等问题.最后将研究结果应用于黄龙自然保护区,并根据数值模拟的结果对大熊猫保护工作提供理论指导.     

电子商务平台系统互动性对顾客感知价值的影响

随着现代知识经济和网络经济的到来,电子商务这一互联网时代的特殊模式吸引着越来越多的企业和消费者.电子商务平台应该通过系统互动性的设计提升顾客感知价值,维系与顾客的稳固关系,已成为国内外学者和企业家共同关注的话题.研究首先通过文献及访谈研究,提出研究假设;其次,通过实验设计的方式采集数据研究不同的系统互动机制对顾客感知价值的影响;最后通过统计分析验证假.研究结论显示电子商务网站系统互动机制的层次不同,顾客感知价值也不同,同时这种影响受到顾客个人使用经验和个人创新性的调节作用.