Space radiation effect on fibre optical gyroscope control circuit and compensation algorithm

The process of a γ-irradiation experiment of fibre optical gyroscope （FOG） control circuit was described, in which it is demonstrated that the FOG control circuit, except for D/A converter, could endure the dose of 10krad with the protection of cabin material. The distortion and drift in D/A converter due to radiation, which affect the performance of FOG seriously, was indicated based on the elemental analysis. Finally, a compensation network based on adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system is proposed and its function is verified by simulation.     

Estimation of various scattering parameters and 2-DEG mobilities from electron mobility calculations in the three conduction bands Γ, L and X of gallium arsenide

The electron drift mobility in Γ conduction band of GaAs has been calculated before, but for the first time, we have made attempts to estimate the electron mobilities in higher energy L and X minima. We have also calculated the value of mobility of two-dimensional electron gas needed to predict hetero-structure device characteristics using GaAs. Best scattering parameters have been derived by close comparison between experimental and theoretical mobilities. Room temperature electron mobilities in Γ, L and X valleys are found to be nearly 9094, 945 and 247 cm²/V-s respectively. For the above valleys, the electron masses, deformation potentials and polar phonon temperatures have been determined to be (0.067, 0.22, 0.39m ₀), (8.5, 9.5, 6.5 eV), and (416, 382, 542 K) as best values, respectively. The 2-DEG electron mobility in Γ minimum increases to 1.54 × 10⁶ from 1.59 × 10⁵ cm²/V-s (for impurity concentration of 10¹⁴ cm⁻³) at 10 K. Similarly, the 2-DEG electron mobility values in L and X minima are estimated to be 2.28 × 10⁵ and 1.44 × 10⁵ cm²/V-s at 10 K, which are about ∼4.5 and ∼3.9 times higher than normal value with impurity scattering present.      

近距离数字全息术记录和再现问题

讨论了记录距离小于菲涅耳衍射要求的近距离数字全息记录和再现问题。对全息记录与再现中高次相位的补偿问题进行了分析,证明了在CCD的参量和记录距离给定后,只要记录时使物体的大小、球面参考光波的位置和距离满足一定的条件,即使在记录距离小于菲涅耳衍射要求的最小距离情况下,也可将高次相位的影响补偿到足够小,使得近距离数字全息的数字再现仍可用快速傅里叶变换算法计算。推导出了满足高次相位补偿的条件和满足补偿条件时的数值再现计算公式。实验结果与理论分析的结论相吻合,并给出了一种修正实际记录的参考光和计算机模拟的理想参考光之间偏差的方法。     

Steps in a minefield

This paper is a review of some of the controversial kinetic aspects of thermal analysis, starting from the esták questions posed in 1979 and looking at developments in some areas since that time. Aspects considered include: temperature programmes and variations, models and mechanisms, kinetic parameters, distinguishability and extent of fit of kinetic models, complementary evidence for kinetic models, the Arrhenius equation and the compensation effect. The value of the ideas of non-isothermal kinetics in chemical education is emphasized.On an occasion such as this, I should like to acknowledge the early inspiration and training of Professor E. G. Prout; the encouragement and help of Professor Leslie Glasser in acquiring our first thermal analysis equipment; the friendship of, and many fruitful years of collaboration with Dr. Andrew Galwey, who has made many contributions to the topic of this lecture; and Professor Patrick K. Gallagher for so much encouragement, interest and support. I am also deeply grateful to Mettler for sponsoring this award and to NATAS for administering it.     

Simultaneous Removal of COS and H2S at Low Temperatures over Nanoparticle α-FeOOH Based Catalysts

Catalysts using α-FeOOH nanoparticles as the active ingredient were tested by a microreactorchromatography assessing apparatus at atmospheric pressure between 25 and 60℃ with a gas hourly space velocity of 10,000h^-1,while the removal performance of H2S with catalysts was investigated using the thermal gravimetric method.The results show that the catalysts are highly active for COS hydrolysis at low temperatures(≤℃）and high gas hourly space velocity,and the highest activity can reach 100%.The catalyst is particularly stable for 12h,and no deactivation is observed.Nanoparticle α-FeOOH prepared using hydrated iron sulfate shows higher COS hydrolysis activity,and the optimum calcination temperature for the catalyst is 260℃.In addition,the catalysts can remove COS and H2S simultaneously,and 60℃ is favorable for the removal of H2S.The compensation effect exists in nanoparticle-based catalysts.     

Thermodynamic aspects of hydrophobicity and biological QSAR

A protein contains a large amount of water molecules, and the nature of the interactions of the water molecules with a protein play an important role in the thermodynamics of the ligand binding process. In this paper, thermodynamic aspects of drug-receptor interactions, enthalpy-entropy compensation or reinforcement, hydrophobicity, and biological 2D- and 3D-QSAR are discussed. Comparisons of the thermodynamic QSAR of phenyl esters of N-benzoyl L-alanine in phosphate buffer and pentanol provide useful insight for the ligand-enzyme interactions.     

Effective search of starting values for kinetic parameters estimation

For the calculation of kinetic parameters from thermal data files numeric optimization has been well introduced. But suitable starting values near the global minimum of the sum of deviation squares are needed for a successfully parameter estimation. Namely the search for starting values requires a lot of time and diminishes the effectiveness of the total procedure. Therefore we have developed an algorithm of the automatic search of starting values for the optimization of activation energy end frequency factor of a chemical reaction.This search procedure uses the knowledge of the specific course of the correspondingSDS surface in the near of its global minimum. In this area theSDS describes two plateaus separated by a narrow valley. The search procedure avoids starting values at one of these plateaus. This PC program is part of the complex software package TA-kin v3.3 for kinetic evaluation of thermal measurements.     

Thermodynamic enthalpy–entropy compensation effects observed in the complexation of basic drug substrates with β-cyclodextrin

Measurement of the variation of inherent drug solubility (S _o) and 1:1 drug/cyclodextrin complex formation constants (K ₁₁) with temperature were used to estimate the thermodynamic parameters (ΔH ^o, ΔS ^o and ΔG^o). A plot of TΔS ^o against ΔH ^o indicates the extent of enthalpy–entropy compensation; that is, how much of the enthalpic gain is cancelled by entropy loss or vice versa (the slope indicates the fraction of conformational change contribution to enthalpy gain that is cancelled by an accompanying entropy loss). The remaining fraction of enthalpy gain contributes to complex formation. The intercept is the inherent contribution to complex stability, which is due to desovation. Extensive phase solubility studies combined with rigorous analysis were conducted in the temperature range 20–45°C for the following basic drugs complexing with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD): astemizole (Astm), cisapride (Cisp), dipyridamole (Dipy), ketotifen (Keto), pizotifen (Pizo), terfenadine (Terf), fexofenadine (Fexo), sildenafil (Sild), and celecoxib (Celox). The results indicate that inherent drug solubility is accompanied by unfavorable conformational changes to the extent of 86%, which are counterbalanced by opposite favorable entropy changes. Only 14% of the favorable enthalpy change contributes to drug solubility. The extent of solvation (hydration) accompanying solubility amounts to −30 kJ/mol, which retards solubility as an unfavorable entropy change. In contrast, 1:1 drug/β-CD complex formation is accompanied by favorable conformational changes to the extent of 94%, which are counterbalanced by unfavorable entropy changes. Only about 6% of enthalpy changes contribute to complex stability. However, the extent of favorable entropy change (desolvation) accompanying complex formation amounts to 26 kJ/mol.     

Kinetic Analysis of Thermogravimetric Data XXXI. Derivation of a non-linear kinetic compensation law

The kinetic compensation effect observed in heterogeneous non-isothermal kinetics is only an apparent effect. In general, the correlation derived between the kinetic parameters E and log A from TG curves can be described by means of a non-linear compensation law, expressed by Eq. (14). This equation may become approximately linear in certain particular cases, i.e. it may change into an isokinetic relation. The validity of the non-linear compensation law has been tested by using over 1000 sets of kinetic parameters reported earlier. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Enthalpy-entropy compensation in micellization of sodium dodecyl sulphate in water/methanol,water/ethylene glycol and water/glycerol binary mixtures

The enthalpy-entropy compensation in micellization of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) in binary mixtures of water/methanol (MeOH), water/ethylene glycol (EG) and water/glycerol (GL) over a temperature range of 10–60°C was examined. When the cosolvent concentration was low, the critical micelle concentration (CMC) depended only on the total amount of the hydroxyl group added. When the cosolvent concentration was high, the increase in CMC followed the sequence: MeOH>EG>GL. Enthalpy and entropy changes were evaluated from which the compensation temperature was determined. Both enthalpy and entropy changes decreased on the addition of the cosolvents, indicating a lowering of solution hydrophobicity. The compensation temperature was found as a constant over the cosolvent concentration range, as a result, was not a good index for characterizing the solute/solvent interactions. The two reference temperatures at which the enthalpy-entropy change respectively became zero were strongly influenced by the cosolvent addition, therefore could serve as a proper index for solution hydrophobicity.