Use of temporary tethers in the intramolecular [2+2] photocycloaddition reactions of tetrahydrophthalimide derivatives: a new approach to complex tricyclic lactones

The intramolecular [2+2] photocycloaddition reactions of a series of alkenols tethered to ethanolamine, l-(+)-valinol and R-(−)-2-phenylglycinol derived 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimides via a carbonate or silicon linkage have been examined. These [2+2] photocycloadditions gave the corresponding cyclobutanes in high yield with complete endo control in all cases and with diastereoselectivities as high as 8:1 with the chiral tethers. The cleavage of the temporary tethers by either desilylation or hydrolysis provided the endo diols. Cleavage of the ethanolamine linkage by reduction/hydrolysis precipitated an acid-catalysed fragmentation/ring expansion sequence to generate complex tricyclic lactones.     

Fixed period of temporary immunity after run of anti-malicious software on computer nodes

SIRS epidemic model has been developed with a fixed period of temporary immunity, following temporary recovery from the infection of malicious objects in place of an exponentially distributed period of temporary immunity. When a node is recovered from the infected class, it recovers temporarily, acquiring temporary immunity with probability p (0  p  1) and dies from the attack of malicious object with probability (1 − p). Temporary immunity is observed in the computer network when anti-malicious software is run after a node gets affected by a malicious object(s). The model consists of a set of integro-differential equations. The stability of the results is stated in terms of threshold parameter. It has been observed that the endemic equilibrium for this model may be unstable thus giving an example of a generalization which leads to new possibilities for the behavior of the model. Numerically it has been verified that the endemic equilibrium is not asymptotically stable for all parameter values.     

ltB-ureB融合基因原核表达系统的构建及其产物免疫性和佐剂活性的鉴定

构建ltB-ureB融合基因原核表达系统并对其表达产物的免疫性和佐剂活性进行鉴定.采用PCR和T-A克隆法从幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,Hp)临床菌株Y06和大肠杆菌44851株DNA中获得了ureB和ltB全长基因扩增片段及其克隆,并构建了ltB-ureB融合基因及其原核表达系统pET32a-ltB-ureB-E.coli BL21DE3.在E.coli BL21DE3宿主菌中用不同浓度的IPTG诱导表达,并用Hp全菌抗体的Western blot、ELISA以及GM1ELISA分别证实了目的重组蛋白(rLTB-UreB)的免疫性和佐剂活性.与报道的相关序列比较,所克隆的ureB和ltB核苷酸序列同源性分别为96.88%～97.82%和99.12%～99.71%,氨基酸序列同源性为99.65%～99.82%和97.58%～99.19%.0.1～1.0 mmol/L的IPTG均能有效地诱导目的重组蛋白rLTB-UreB的表达,该蛋白主要以包涵体形式存在,其产量约为细菌总蛋白的35%.Western blot结果证实rLTB-UreB不仅能与商品化的Hp全菌抗体结合,免疫家兔后也能产生特异性抗体,表明rLTB-UreB有良好的免疫反应性及抗原性.GM1-ELISA结果显示rLTB-UreB能与牛GM1结合,表明rLTB-UreB有佐剂活性.以兔抗rLTB-UreB为一抗,发现所检测的109株Hp临床分离菌株均表达UreB;以rLTB-UreB为包被抗原,发现所检测的125例Hp感染者血清中均存在UreB抗体;表明UreB广泛存在于不同的Hp菌株中,并有很强的抗原性,也提示rLTB-UreB确有自然表达UreB的抗原特异性.本文成功地构建了LTB-UreB融合基因原核高效表达系统,所表达的LTB-UreB融合蛋白有良好的免疫性和佐剂活性,为Hp基因工程疫苗的产业化奠定了坚实的基础.     

Synthesis and bioactivity of fluorescence- and biotin-labeled lipid A analogues for investigation of recognition mechanism in innate immunity

Fluorescence- and biotin-labeled lipid A analogues were synthesized for the investigation of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/lipid A recognition in the innate immune system. For the introduction of the labeling moiety, a hydrophilic glutaryl-glucose linker was used for maintaining the bioactivity and also for preventing self-aggregation, which causes quenching of the fluorescence. We also observed the biological activity of the labeled compounds.     

有机锗Ge—201对小鼠非特异免疫功能的实验研究

报告了有机锗Ｇｅ－２０１对小鼠非特异免疫功能和影响。Ｇｅ－２０１能明显增加小鼠静脉注射碳位廓清速率及腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬百分数和吞噬指数，对小鼠胸腺和脾脏指数无明显影响。     

免疫光子学进展

光学分子成像是在复杂生物体中同时描述多种分子和细胞功能的最佳手段.作为机体发挥防御、监视和自稳功能的免疫系统,研究者们正面临着如何将其作为一个真正的系统来研究的挑战.免疫光子学是指基于光子学原理和方法的活体免疫光学成像和免疫光子治疗.以多光子激发显微成像和光声层析成像为代表的高时空分辨活体成像技术,以荧光蛋白为代表的活...     

Construction, Expression and Characterization of a Chimeric Protein Targeting Carcinoembryonic Antigen in Lung Cancer

The carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA) is an oncofetal glycoprotein known as an important clinical tumor marker and is overexpressed in several types of tumors, including colorectal and lung carcinomas. We constructed a chimeric protein that exhibits both specific binding and immune stimulating activities, by fusing staphylococcal enterotoxin A(SEA) to the C-terminus of an anti-CEA single-chain disulfide-stabilized Fv(scdsFv) antibody (single-chain-C-terminus/SEA, SC-C/SEA). The SC-C/SEA protein was expressed in...     

Rapid and Inexpensive Method for the Spectroscopic Determination of Innate Immune Activity of Crocodilians

We have employed a spectroscopic assay based on the hemolysis of sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) to assess the immune system of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). The assay is based on the hemolytic disruption of the SRBCs by the immunological proteins in the crocodilian serum. Incubation of 1% SRBCs (v/v) with alligator serum resulted in hemolysis that was measured at 540 nm in a microtiter plate reader. The hemolysis was concentration‐, time‐, and temperature‐dependent. This assay is rapid, inexpensive, easy to perform, requires small sample volumes, and is useful for evaluating the humoral immune response of crocodilians.     

Dynamics of an HIV-1 infection model with cell mediated immunity

In this paper, we study the dynamics of an improved mathematical model on HIV-1 virus with cell mediated immunity. This new 5-dimensional model is based on the combination of a basic 3-dimensional HIV-1 model and a 4-dimensional immunity response model, which more realistically describes dynamics between the uninfected cells, infected cells, virus, the CTL response cells and CTL effector cells. Our 5-dimensional model may be reduced to the 4-dimensional model by applying a quasi-steady state assumption on the variable of virus. However, it is shown in this paper that virus is necessary to be involved in the modeling, and that a quasi-steady state assumption should be applied carefully, which may miss some important dynamical behavior of the system. Detailed bifurcation analysis is given to show that the system has three equilibrium solutions, namely the infection-free equilibrium, the infectious equilibrium without CTL, and the infectious equilibrium with CTL, and a series of bifurcations including two transcritical bifurcations and one or two possible Hopf bifurcations occur from these three equilibria as the basic reproduction number is varied. The mathematical methods applied in this paper include characteristic equations, Routh–Hurwitz condition, fluctuation lemma, Lyapunov function and computation of normal forms. Numerical simulation is also presented to demonstrate the applicability of the theoretical predictions.     

Zinc Homeostasis at the Bacteria/Host Interface—From Coordination Chemistry to Nutritional Immunity

Zinc is one of the most important metal nutrients for species from all kingdoms, being a key structural or catalytic component of hundreds of enzymes, crucial for the survival of both pathogenic microorganisms and their hosts. This work is an overview of the homeostasis of zinc in bacteria and humans. It explains the importance of this metal nutrient for pathogens, describes the roles of zinc sensors, regulators, and transporters, and summarizes various uptake systems and different proteins involved in zinc homeostasis—both those used for storage, buffering, and signaling inside the cell and those excreted in order to obtain Zn^II from the host. The human zinc‐dependent immune system response is explained, with a special focus given to ‘zinc nutritional immunity′, a process that describes the competition between the bacteria or fungus and the host for this metal, during which both the pathogen and host make huge efforts to control zinc availability. This sophisticated tug of war over Zn^II might be considered as a possible target for novel antibacterial therapies.