一种新型的固着磨料抛光片──WBN抛光片的制作工艺及其特性

本文描述了用冲击合成方法得到的超硬材料纤锌矿型氮化硼（ＷＢＮ）制作的一种新型抛光片。在光学玻璃抛光中的初步应用显示：这种新型的ＷＢＮ抛光片具有比传统的ＣｅＯ２。抛光片更大的切削力、更短的抛光时间和更好的表面粗糙度及更长寿命等优点。     

Vibrational excitation of molecules in a lattice due to shock induced molecular deformation

A simple formalism is developed to calculate the rate of internal vibrational excitation of a molecule in a lattice due to abrupt deformation of the bonds of the molecule as a result of the application of a shock pulse to the lattice. The excitation rate is calculated as a function of rise time of the pulse and peak pressure for the case of 1,3,5-trinitro, 1,3,5-triazocyclohexane. It is shown that large vibrational excitation rates can be achieved if the rise time of the shock pulse is in the order of the period of vibration of the bond. The possible role of this process in shock induced chemical reactions in solids is considered.     

Simulation of the starting flow in a wedge–like nozzle

The starting process of the flow in a wedge-like expansion nozzle of a shock tunnel is simulated by an unsplit 2-D GRP scheme on an unstructured grid. The scheme is briefly outlined and results are presented and discussed in comparison to the experimental (shadowgraph) findings obtained by Amann. The simulated pattern of reflected and transmitted shock waves in the nozzle inlet region and inside the nozzle is found to agree well with the experimental data. Received 5 April 1996 / Accepted 16 June 1997     

A new formulation of Kapila’s five-equation model for compressible two-fluid flow,and its numerical treatment

A new formulation of Kapila’s five-equation model for inviscid, non-heat-conducting, compressible two-fluid flow is derived, together with an appropriate numerical method. The new formulation uses flow equations based on conservation laws and exchange laws only. The two fluids exchange momentum and energy, for which exchange terms are derived from physical laws. All equations are written as a single system of equations in integral form. No equation is used to describe the topology of the two-fluid flow. Relations for the Riemann invariants of the governing equations are derived, and used in the construction of an Osher-type approximate Riemann solver. A consistent finite-volume discretization of the exchange terms is proposed. The exchange terms have distinct contributions in the cell interior and at the cell faces. For the exchange-term evaluation at the cell faces, the same Riemann solver as used for the flux evaluation is exploited. Numerical results are presented for two-fluid shock-tube and shock-bubble-interaction problems, the former also for a two-fluid mixture case. All results show good resemblance with reference results.     

Laser Shock Processing of 6061-T6 Al alloy with 1064 nm and 532 nm wavelengths

Laser Shock Processing (LSP) has been proposed as a competitive alternative technology to classical treatments for improving fatigue and wear resistance of metals. We present a configuration and results in the LSP concept for metal surface treatments in underwater laser irradiation at 532 nm and 1064 nm. The purpose of the work is to compare the effect of both wavelengths on the same material. A convergent lens is used to deliver 1.2 J/pulse (1064 nm) and 0.9 J/pulse (532 nm) in a 8 ns laser FWHM pulse produced by 10 Hz Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with spots of a 1.5 mm in diameter moving forward along the work piece. A LSP configuration with experimental results using a pulse density of 2500 pulses/cm² and 5000 pulses/cm² in 6061-T6 aluminum samples are presented. High level compressive residual stresses are produced using both wavelengths. It has been shown that surface residual stress level is comparable to that achieved by conventional shot peening, but with greater depths. This method can be applied to surface treatment of final metal products.     

A State-of-the-Knowledge Review on Pseudo-Steady Shock-Wave Reflections and their Transition Criteria

The distinguished philosopher Ernst Mach published the first known paper on the phenomenon of planar shock-wave reflections over straight wedges over 125 years ago in 1878. In his publication he presented two wave configurations that could result from this reflection process, a regular reflection (RR) and a configuration that was later named after him and called Mach reflection (MR) in the early 1940s. In 1945, Smith reported on an additional wave configuration, which had a reflected shock wave that was slightly different from that of the just-mentioned Mach reflection. Smith (OSRD Rep. 6271, Off. Sci. Res. Dev., 1945) did not ascribe any special importance to the wave configuration that he observed. The wave configuration that was observed and reported by Smith (OSRD Rep. 6271, Off. Sci. Res. Dev., 1945) was recognized as an independent one only about 5 years later when White (Tech. Rep. II-10, Princeton Univ. Dept. Phys., 1951) reported on the discovery of a new wave configuration that was named double-Mach reflections (DMR) because it had similar features to that of the Mach reflection wave configuration but all the features were doubled. For this reason the Mach reflection wave configuration has been re-named single-Mach reflection (SMR). (Until the late 1970s it was called simple-Mach reflection although nothing is simple about it.). The discovery of the double-Mach reflection revealed that the wave configuration that was first observed by Smith was an intermediate wave configuration between the SMR and the DMR wave configurations. For this reason it was named transitional-Mach reflection (TMR) (Until the early 1980s it was called complex-Mach reflection although it is not the most complex one.). Since the discovery of the DMR many investigations were aimed at elucidating the exact transition criteria between the above-mentioned four different wave configurations as well as some additional configurations and sub-configurations that were discovered later. In 1991 Ben-Dor published a monograph, entitled “Shock Wave Reflection Phenomena”, that was, in fact, a state-of-the-knowledge review of the phenomena. This state-of-the-knowledge will be referred to in the followings as the “old”-state-of-the-knowledge (This state-of-the-knowledge existed until the mid 1990s. A few years later Li and Ben-Dor (Shock Wave 5(1/2), 59–73, 1995) modified the analytical approach for evaluating the transition criteria from the single-Mach to the transitional- Mach reflection (SMR, ,TMR) and from the transitional-Mach to the double-Mach reflection (TMR, ,DMR) and presented some modified and new criteria for the formation and termination of both the TMR and DMR wave configurations. Experimental results from various sources revealed that the transition boundaries between the SMR, TMR and DMR wave configurations that were based on the modified analytical approach were better than those of the “old” state-of-the-knowledge that as mentioned earlier was summarized in Ben-Dor’s (Shock Wave Reflection Phenomena, Springer, 1991) monograph. Unfortunately, however, the results of Li and Ben-Dor’s (Shock Wave 5(1/2), 59–73, 1995) modified analytical approach have not been internalized, and publications by various scientists in the past decade neglected the revised and better transition criteria and kept on referring to the old and wrong criteria that appeared in Ben-Dor’s (Shock Wave Reflection Phenomena, Springer, 1991) monograph. For this reason, a state-of-the-knowledge review that is based on the above-mentioned 10-year-old findings of Li and Ben-Dor (Shock Wave 5(1/2), 59–73, 1995) is presented herein. At the first step, the “old” state-of-the-knowledge is presented.This paper was based on work that was presented at the 2nd International Symposium on Interdisciplinary Shock Wave Research, Sendai, Japan, 1–3 March 2005.     

Self-similar Solutions of Nonlinear Elasticity and Poroelasticity Equations

Recent advances in nonlinear wave propagation in elastic and porous elastic (poro-elastic) material have presented new nonlinear evolutionary equations. The derivation of these equations in three-dimensional space is based on the semilinear Biot theory. The nonlinear elastodynamic equations are derived form the more general model of poro-elastodynamic using consistency arguments. For simplicity, we discuss and carry out the analysis for the nonlinear elastic model. It is found in this article that the methods of symmetry groups and self-similar solutions can furnish solutions to the nonlinear elastodynamic wave equation. It is also found that these models lead to shock wave development in finite time. Necessary conditions for the existence of the solution are given and well-posedness of the Cauchy problem is discussed.     

Monatomic rarefied gas as a singular limit of polyatomic gas in extended thermodynamics

We show that, in the theory of extended thermodynamics, rarefied monatomic gases can be identified as a singular limit of rarefied polyatomic gases. Under naturally conditioned initial data we prove that the system of 14 field equations for polyatomic gases in the limit has the same solutions as those of the system of 13 field equations for monatomic gases where there exists no dynamic pressure. We study two illustrative examples in the process of the limit, that is, the linear waves and the shock waves in order to grasp the asymptotic behavior of the physical quantities, in particular, of the dynamic pressure.     

Spectroscopic Studies of Chemical Reactions in Strong Shock Waves

Shock tube provides a promising tool of studying high temperature chemical reaction in gases. The heating by shock wave is uniform, extremely fast and intense. So that the temperature may rise thousands of degrees in a fraction of a second. Observations of the effects of this heating on C₆H₆ has shown extensive decomposition into C₂ and CN.     

A High Resolution Study of the Shock Excited Spectrum of Yttrium Oxide

Abstract

The blue-green (B²? X²?) and orange (A²? –X²?) systems of yttrium oxide have been shock excited at temperatures of about 4000°K and photographed at high dispersion (～ 1.2Å/mm) in the first order of a 21 ft. grating spectrograph. The high dispersion shock excited spectra were recorded using multiple exposures and latensification of extremely high speed film. Over 50 new bands have been observed and assigned to specific vibrational transitions for the systems. New molecular constants have been derived from the A, B and X states. Provisional calculations have been made of Franck-Condon factors and r-centroids for the systems appropriate to new constants.