全文获取类型
收费全文 | 88444篇 |
免费 | 7188篇 |
国内免费 | 5799篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 25201篇 |
晶体学 | 1835篇 |
力学 | 4800篇 |
综合类 | 503篇 |
数学 | 24223篇 |
物理学 | 44869篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 271篇 |
2022年 | 351篇 |
2021年 | 507篇 |
2020年 | 873篇 |
2019年 | 1196篇 |
2018年 | 1151篇 |
2017年 | 885篇 |
2016年 | 746篇 |
2015年 | 655篇 |
2014年 | 1439篇 |
2013年 | 2342篇 |
2012年 | 1563篇 |
2011年 | 2239篇 |
2010年 | 2729篇 |
2009年 | 7436篇 |
2008年 | 8475篇 |
2007年 | 6932篇 |
2006年 | 6320篇 |
2005年 | 4420篇 |
2004年 | 4148篇 |
2003年 | 4341篇 |
2002年 | 5506篇 |
2001年 | 3974篇 |
2000年 | 3756篇 |
1999年 | 3559篇 |
1998年 | 2988篇 |
1997年 | 2076篇 |
1996年 | 1864篇 |
1995年 | 2268篇 |
1994年 | 2217篇 |
1993年 | 1654篇 |
1992年 | 1171篇 |
1991年 | 882篇 |
1990年 | 715篇 |
1989年 | 637篇 |
1988年 | 596篇 |
1987年 | 432篇 |
1985年 | 961篇 |
1984年 | 647篇 |
1983年 | 496篇 |
1982年 | 658篇 |
1981年 | 808篇 |
1980年 | 733篇 |
1979年 | 570篇 |
1978年 | 598篇 |
1977年 | 543篇 |
1976年 | 542篇 |
1975年 | 318篇 |
1974年 | 357篇 |
1973年 | 463篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 280 毫秒
921.
关于Ramsey数下界的部分结果 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
刘富贵 《数学的实践与认识》2002,32(1):97-99
本文得到 Ramsey数下界的一个计算公式 :R( l,s+ t-2 )≥ R( l,s) + R( l,t) -1 ,(式中 l、s、t≥ 3) .用此公式算得的 Ramsey数的下界比用其它公式算得的下界好 . 相似文献
922.
Jinyan Fan 《Computational Optimization and Applications》2006,34(2):215-227
In this paper, we present the new trust region method for nonlinear equations with the trust region converging to zero. The
new method preserves the global convergence of the traditional trust region methods in which the trust region radius will
be larger than a positive constant. We study the convergence rate of the new method under the local error bound condition
which is weaker than the nonsingularity. An example given by Y.X. Yuan shows that the convergence rate can not be quadratic.
Finally, some numerical results are given.
This work is supported by Chinese NSFC grants 10401023 and 10371076, Research Grants for Young Teachers of Shanghai Jiao Tong
University, and E-Institute of Computational Sciences of Shanghai Universities.
An erratum to this article is available at . 相似文献
923.
HU Yun & SHEN Yuliang Department of Mathematics Suzhou University Suzhou China 《中国科学A辑(英文版)》2006,(7)
We will be mainly concerned with some important fiber spaces over Teichmuller spaces, including the Bers fiber space and Teichmuller curve, establishing an isomorphism theorem between "punctured" Teichmuller curves and determining the biholomorphic isomorphisms of these fiber spaces. 相似文献
924.
Janine C. Swarbrick 《Applied Surface Science》2006,252(15):5622-5626
We have used the established technique of electrospray in developing a portable vacuum electrospray system which can deposit, in vacuo, dissolved molecules onto a sample which may then be analysed by UHV techniques. As an initial test of the system we have analysed silicon samples with an electrosprayed layer of poly(ethylene) oxide (PEO) using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The polymer forms different structures depending on the voltage applied to the emitter, and solution composition. The system is part of our ongoing effort to deposit other materials such as nanoparticles, and large dye molecules for developing molecular dye sensitised solar cells. 相似文献
925.
Hoon Kim Toshihiko Koseki Tomohiro Ohta Hiroshi Sato Yukihiro Shimogaki 《Applied Surface Science》2006,252(11):3938-3942
The adhesion of Cu on Ru substrates with different crystal orientations was evaluated. The crystal orientation of sputter deposited Ru could be changed from (1 0 0) to (0 0 1) by annealing at 650 °C for 20 min. The adhesion of Cu was evaluated by the degree of Cu agglomeration on Ru. Cu films on annealed Ru films with the (0 0 1) crystal orientation showed 28% lower RMS values and 50% lower Ru surface coverage than Cu as-deposited on Ru having the (1 0 0) crystal orientation after annealing at 550 °C for 30 min, which suggest that Cu wettability on the Ru(0 0 1) was better than that on the Ru(1 0 0) plane. The low lattice misfit of 4% between Cu(1 1 1) and Ru(0 0 1) may be the reason for this good adhesion property. 相似文献
926.
The surface properties of nanofibres are of importance in various applications. In this work, electrospun polyamide nanofibres were used as substrates for creating functional nanostructures on the nanofibre surfaces. A RF magnetron sputter coating was used to deposit the functional layer of titanium dioxide (TiO2) onto the nanofibres. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) were employed to study the topography, grain structure and wetting of the nanofibre surfaces, respectively. The AFM results indicated a significant difference in the morphology of the nanofibres before and after the TiO2 sputter coating. The XRD analysis showed the amorphous structures of the TiO2 deposition layer. XPS spectra reflected the chemical features of the deposited nanostructures. The ESEM observation revealed that the surface wettability of TiO2 sputter coated nanofibres was significantly improved after UV irradiation. 相似文献
927.
Motohiro Mizuno Yoji Aoki Darius Greenidge 《Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids》2006,67(4):705-709
The angular dependence of the 27Al NMR spectrum was measured for single crystals of smoky and colorless topaz, Al2SiO4(F,OH)2. Smoky topaz was obtained by irradiating high energy neutrons to colorless topaz. The quadrupole coupling constant e2Qq/h and the asymmetry parameter η were obtained from the analysis of the angular dependences of quadrupole splitting of the 27Al NMR spectrum. The local structures around the aluminum atoms in smoky and colorless topaz were discussed from the magnitude and the direction of the electric field gradient. The directions of principal axes of the EFG tensor of 27Al were close to the directions of Al-O and Al-F bonds. The difference in the bond lengths between Al(1)-F(1) and Al(1)-F(2) was found to affect the x and y components of the EFG tensor. 相似文献
928.
Polycrystalline Sn1−xMnxO2 (0≤x≤0.05) diluted magnetic semiconductors were prepared by solid-state reaction method and their structural and magnetic properties had been investigated systematically. The three Mn-doped samples (x=0.01, 0.03, 0.05) undergo paramagnetic to ferromagnetic phase transitions upon cooling, but their Curie temperatures are far lower than room temperature. The magnetization cannot be attributed to any identified impurity phase. It is also found that the magnetization increases with increasing Mn doping, while the ratio of the Mn ions contributing to ferromagnetic ordering to the total Mn ions decreases. 相似文献
929.
A complete optical characterization in the visible region of thin copper oxide films has been performed by ellipsometry. Copper
oxide films of various thicknesses were grown on thick copper films by low temperature thermal oxidation at 125 °C in air
for different time intervals. The thickness and optical constants of the copper oxide films were determined in the visible
region by ellipsometric measurements. It was found that a linear time law is valid for the oxide growth in air at 125 °C.
The spectral behaviour of the optical constants and the value of the band gap in the oxide films determined by ellipsometry
in this study are in agreement with the behaviour of those of Cu2O, which have been obtained elsewhere through reflectance and transmittance methods. The band gap of copper oxide, determined
from the spectral behaviour of the absorption coefficient was about 2 eV, which is the generally accepted value for Cu2O. It was therefore concluded that the oxide composition of the surface film grown on copper is in the form of Cu2O (cuprous oxide). It was also shown that the reflectance spectra of the copper oxide–copper structures exhibit behaviour
expected from a single layer antireflection coating of Cu2O on Cu.
Received: 19 July 2001 / Accepted: 27 July 2001 / Published online: 17 October 2001 相似文献
930.
Cr-doped mullites were prepared from single-phase precursors containing up to 9.60 wt% Cr2O3 using a sol-gel technique followed by thermal treatment. Particle induced X-ray emission spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction were used to characterize the samples. Mullites were orthorhombic, space group Pbam. Cr doping caused the increase of unit-cell parameters. Strongest expansion was noticed along c-axis followed by a and b (Δc/c=0.089, Δa/a=0.061, Δb/b=0.045% per mole Cr2O3). A second phase, namely θ-(Al,Cr)2O3, was revealed by XRD in the sample containing 9.60 wt% Cr2O3. The structure of mullites was refined by the Rietveld method, location of Cr3+ was performed by the EPR spectroscopy. At low chromium doping level (Cr2O3 content less than ∼5 wt%) Cr3+ ions were substituted for Al3+ in the AlO6 octahedra of the mullite structure (M1 site). For higher doping level, Cr3+ ions were additionally substituted for Al3+ in the AlO6 octahedra of the second phase [θ-(Al,Cr)2O3 at 1400 °C, or α-(Al,Cr)2O3 at 1600 °C] which segregated in the system. Substitution of Cr3+ for Al3+ on M1 site in the mullite structure resulted in increase of average distances in (M1)O6 octahedron and decrease of average distances in T*O4 tetrahedron, while average distances in TO4 tetrahedron stayed almost constant. 相似文献