Study of the Aerodynamic Characteristics of Chevron Nozzles on the Basis of a Numerical Calculation of the Flowfield

The flow in a convergent nozzle equipped with chevrons and the flow around the chevrons are numerically simulated and studied on the basis of the numerical integration of the system of Reynolds equations closed by a differential model for the turbulent viscosity. From the calculated results, the flow pattern, the action of the chevrons on the flow, the circulation generated, and the values of the parameters characterizing the streamwise vorticity are determined. The results of calculations of the thrust and flow-rate characteristics of nozzles equipped with chevrons are presented. The data for chevron and conical nozzles are compared.__________Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Academii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 2, 2005, pp. 76–88.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Brailko and Krasheninnikov.     

Static and dynamic behaviour of a rigid rotor on journal bearings

This experimental investigation concerns the static and dynamic behaviour of a rigid balanced rotor on journal bearings. Running conditions were chosen in order to obtain relatively high eccentricity ratios near the instability threshold speeds.The results, compared also with the theoretical predictions of some authors, have substantially shown the importance of examining the static behaviour near the instability threshold speed to allow a correct interpretation of some aspects of the dynamic behaviour.In order to clarify the discrepancies between the observed and the theoretically predicted dynamic behaviour, some further tests have been carried out.

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Sommario E' stato esaminato sperimentalmente sia il comportamento statico che quello dinamico di un rotore rigido e bilanciato sostenuto da cuscinetti cilindrici lubrificati.Le condizioni di funzionamento sono state scelte in modo tale che, in prossimità della soglia di instabilità, il valore del rapporto di eccentricità risultasse relativamente grande.I risultati, confrontati anche con le indicazioni teoriche di altri autori, hanno sostanzialmente evidenziato l'importanza dell'esame del comportamento statico in prossimità della soglia di instabilità al fine di interpretare correttamente alcuni aspetti del fenomeno dell'instabilità.Sono state inoltre effettuate una serie di ulteriori indagini con lo scopo di chiarire le discordanze fra il comportamento dinamico osservato e quello previsto dalla teoria.

     

An improved constant volume cycle model for performance analysis and shape design of PDRE nozzle

An improved constant volume cycle(CVC) model is developed to analyze the nozzle effects on the thrust and specific impulse of pulse detonation rocket engine(PDRE).Theoretically, this model shows that the thrust coefficient/specific impulse of PDRE is a function of the nozzle contraction/expansion ratio and the operating frequency. The relationship between the nozzle contraction ratio and the operation frequency is obtained by introducing the duty ratio, by which the key problem in the theoretical design can be solved. Therefore, the performance of PDRE can be accessed to guide the preliminary shape design of nozzle conveniently and quickly. The higher the operating frequency of PDRE is, the smaller the nozzle contraction ratio should be. Besides, the lower the ambient pressure is, the larger the expansion ratio of the nozzle should be. When the ambient pressure is 1.013 × 105 Pa, the optimal expansion ratio will be less than 2.26.When the ambient pressure is reduced to vacuum, the extremum of the optimal thrust coefficient is 2.236 9, and the extremum of the specific impulse is 321.01 s. The results of the improved model are verified by numerical simulation.     

Altitude dependence of electrohydrodynamic flow in an electrostatic lifter

Experiments carried out during the last 50 years have elucidated the basic mechanism of the Biefeld-Brown effect. Recent research has focused on establishing design rules in order to maximize the lifting force resulting from this effect. For this purpose, a numerical estimation that takes the effect of altitude into account is needed. In the present contribution, the thrust due to Biefeld-Brown effect was computed by simulating the corona-discharge-induced electrohydrodynamic flow in a widely used high-voltage asymmetric capacitor with the major goal to elucidate the dependence of thrust on the altitude, pressure, temperature and humidity, respectively. Our numerical results reproduced the experimentally observed decrease of thrust with altitude and shown that this is a consequence of various competing effects.     

同极同槽双边平板型PMLSM的设计及推力优化研究

为降低直线电机的推力波动, 提出一种同极同槽双边平板型永磁直线同步电机(Permanent Magnet Linear Synchronous Motor, PMLSM), 且采用不同方法优化其结构参数. 为确定电磁设计方案, 根据同极同槽双边平板型PMLSM的结构特点和旋转电机的设计方法, 推导出适用该电机的电磁设计公式, 并建立二维有限元仿真模型进行分析和验证. 随后采用田口法筛选优化变量, 分别通过单参数扫描和基于克里金代理模型的粒子群算法进行优化. 结果表明, 在满足推力不低于600N的前提下, 推力波动大幅降低, 且永磁用量减少了13％.     

超高效液相色谱法测定儿童指画印泥中柚皮苷和苯甲酸地那铵

儿童指画印泥样品用甲醇与0.02mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾溶液以体积比3∶7组成的混合液超声萃取20min,冷却至室温,于16 000r·min^-1转速下离心15min,取上清液过0.22μm过滤膜过滤,采用超高效液相色谱法测定滤液中柚皮苷和苯甲酸地那铵的含量。以C18色谱柱为分离柱,用乙腈和pH 4.3的0.02mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾溶液以不同比例混合的溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,用二极管阵列检测器测定。柚皮苷和苯甲酸地那铵的质量浓度均在0.1~5.0mg·L^-1内与其对应的峰面积呈线性关系,检出限(3S/N)依次为0.75,1.15mg·kg^-1。以空白样品为基体进行加标回收试验,所得回收率为73.5%~104%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)为4.2%~6.6%。     

Study on EDFA Gain Tilt and Nonlinear Distortion in an AM-VSB CATV Optical Fiber Transmission System

1IntroduCtionAMVSB(~litUdemodulationwithvestigialsideband)CATVoPticalfibertrandriSSdrisystemiswidelyaPpliedduetocomplete1ycomatibilitywtthekistingCATVtechntheyandoccuPationaverynarrowband.Theopticalpowerbudgetofthesystemistoollttle(about5~8dBm)toreallzealDngdistancetransndssion,andoPticalmodulationdegreeisalsorestrainedinanarrowrangeinordertOguaranteethenonlinearrequlrementssinceitissensitivetOthenonlineardistortion.EDFAisintroducedintothesystemtoimProvetheopticalpoWrbudget.Indongs…     

Differences in voice quality between men and women: Use of the long-term average spectrum (LTAS)

The goal of this study was to determine if there are acoustical differences between male and female voices, and if there are, where exactly do these differences lie. Extended speech samples were used. The recorded readings of a text by 31 women and by 24 men were analyzed by means of the Long-term Spectrum (LTAS), extracting the amplitude values (in decibels) at intervals of 160 Hz over a range of 8 kHz. The results showed a significant difference between genders, as well as an interaction of gender and frequency level. The female voice showed greater levels of aspiration noise, located in the spectral regions corresponding to the third formant, which causes the female voice to have a more “breathy” quality than the male voice. The lower spectral tilt in the women's voices is another consequence of this presence of greater aspiration noise.     

Plane slider bearings: The effect of inlet pressure

The present work deals with the problem of determing the influence of pressure at the bearing entry on load capacity and on the position of the resultant of the pressure forces in the case of a plane slider bearing; this work shows how a centrally pivoted pad may be employed where a shaft is also to be rotated in the reverse direction.

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Sommario Scopo del presente lavoro è quello di determinare l'influenza che la pressione in ingresso ha sulla capacità di carico e sul punto di applicazione della risultante delle forze di pressione nel caso di un accoppiamento piano lubrificato; viene inoltre messo in evidenza il fatto che un pattino orientabile con cerniera di articolazione posta in mezzeria possa funzionare correttamente.

     

Atomic Structure of [0001] Tilt Boundaries in GaN

Crystals of GaN grown by molecular-beam epitaxi on (0001) sapphire show [0001] tilt boundaries of low and high angles (V. Potin et al., Physical Review B, 61, 5587 (2000)). The structure of these boundaries plays a role in the optoelectrical properties shown by this semiconductor. In this work we have studied the atomic structure of 7, 13 and 19 boundaries (in the coincidence side lattice notation) by means of atomic computer simulation using a modified version of the empirical Stillinger-Weber interatomic potential. For each boundary we studied the interface of lowest period and found the atomic structure of minimum energy by applying the method of quasidynamic relaxation. Special attention has been paid to the 13 where we have studied two different interfaces comparing our results with the experimental results obtained in a study of bicrystals of ZnO (A.N. Kiselev et al., Phil. Mag. A, 76, 633 (1997)). In these boundaries the atomic structure can be understood in terms of edge dislocations located along the boundary. The a edge dislocation in GaN has been studied with the same potential and the stable structures are presented here for comparison.