应用光纤布喇格光栅传感器监测地下管道腐蚀的新方法研究

地下管线工作环境恶劣,腐蚀是引起它破坏和失效的主要原因之一.本文提出了一种应用光纤光栅传感器监测管道腐蚀的新方法.输送石油和天然气等一些物质的管道内部存在的压力会使管道发生膨胀,进而导致管道外壁产生环向变形.假定管道为无限长,管道内部压力导致的管道外壁轴向应变可忽略不计,当管线发生腐蚀时,会导致管壁变薄,管道内部的压力又可以看作基本不变,这样就会增大管道外壁的环向应变.当管道内部压力保持恒定时,管道壁厚与应变之间存在一定的反比例关系,本文方法就是将封装好的光纤光栅传感器粘贴在管道外壁,通过监测外壁环向变形来判断管道腐蚀的情况和程度.通过理论值、模拟值和试验值三者的对比分析来说明了这种新方法是可行的,并且值得被广泛应用,为埋地管道的防灾减灾提供了一种对策.     

基于声共振原理的管道长度测量仪

利用平面声波在管内形成驻波,根据管口声阻抗公式推导了驻波发生时相邻共振频率之差与管道长度的定量关系,利用自制装置实现了管道(直管、弯管)长度的测量,测量误差均在1.5%以下.     

高速SHA-256算法硬件实现

SHA-256安全散列算法在数字加密、数字签名中被广泛应用．为满足应用对算法运算速度的要求,提出一种快速实现SHA-256安全散列算法的的硬件新结构．方法通过对算法进行推导,使得能在硬件上实现平衡的四级流水线设计,提高了运算速度．综合结果表明,采用中芯国际0．18μm工艺,数据吞吐量可达2．89Gb／s,优于目前发表的同类设计结果．     

黄河口裸置管线在位稳定性数值模拟研究

基于Biot固结理论,并结合接触算法,考虑了海水流经管线时的尾流效应,建立了波浪荷载作用下裸置管线与周围土体相互作用的有限元模型,使计算结果更加符合实际情况。将此模型应用于黄河口埕岛油田裸置管线在位稳定性计算,分析了尾流效应对裸置管线稳定性的影响,在此基础上提出了适用于黄河口不同地质分区的裸置管线稳定性校核曲线。     

Cavitation onset caused by a dynamic pressure wave in liquid pipelines

When liquids flow in the pipelines, the onset of cavitation can be characterized by a variant of the Euler number known as the cavitation number (CN), which is based on the velocity and denoted by C in this paper. Conventionally, cavitation is considered to be induced when C ~ 1. However, experimental observations and several pipe bursts indicate that the CN may incorrectly predict the onset of cavitation. For example, when leakage occurs in the pipeline or a valve in the pipeline is opened, the resultant pressure loss generates a dynamic pressure wave with a small amplitude, which may lead to bubble formation, even though C ~ 1 is not satisfied. Hence, this paper proposes another CN based on the amplitude of the generated dynamic pressure wave, rather than the velocity, for ascertaining the onset of cavitation. The validity of the proposed CN was verified through experiments and a case study. The results indicated that the proposed CN can be effectively used for cavitation prediction induced by pressure fluctuations and for investigating phenomena such as pressure fluctuation, leakage, and corrosion in liquid pipelines, tanks, and pressure vessels, as well as the safety design of liquefied natural gas tanks and tankers.     

高饱和黏土中爆炸波作用下直埋聚乙烯管的动力响应

为了解决爆破作业对近距离埋地管道的安全评估问题,对高饱和粘土中爆炸波作用下聚乙烯(polyethylene, PE)管道进行了一系列管道动态响应的原型实验,得到了不同药量下管道动应变、动压力的实验数据和管体及地面的振速数据。实验结果表明:PE管动应变峰值同比例距离具有良好的幂函数衰减关系,在6～11 m/kg^1/3比例距离范围内,PE管的环向峰值应变衰减指数(绝对值)比轴向峰值应变衰减指数大;管道动态响应的主振频率略高于土体的主振频率,两者在同一量级,管道合成速度衰减指数大体和管道轴向应变衰减指数相当;压电陶瓷片所测得的电压信号和同测点的应变变化率信号具有较强的相关性。高饱和黏性土由于含水量较高,近距离柔性PE管因受到局部冲击会产生较大的环向应变,管道安全计算时应充分考虑这一因素;随着比例距离的增大,环向应变水平降低,轴向应变水平相对增强;压电陶瓷片因为具有良好可靠的动态性能,作为埋地管道现场监测的技术手段值得采用和推广。     

不同泄压条件对方管内爆炸压力特性的影响

为研究泄压膜约束条件对甲烷/空气预混气体爆炸压力特性的影响,在方形火焰燃烧传播测试管道中布置压力传感器,开展不同泄压膜材料、泄压膜层数及泄压口位置实验。结果表明:牛皮纸和聚丙烯薄膜约束泄爆过程中,每增加一层泄压膜,管道内最大泄爆压力平均上升11.2%和12.3%。各强度泄压膜约束条件下,管道内最大泄爆压力随着泄压口位置接近点火端,均呈现Z形规律,当泄压口设置在距尾部端面0.25 m时,各曲线达到最小值,当泄压口设置在距尾部端面0.50 m时,各曲线出现最大值。     

Simulation of transient flow in pipelines for computer‐based operations monitoring

Computer models can provide the basis for real‐time monitoring and control of fluid flow in pipelines. Problems of fluid flow in pipelines are mathematically represented by a non‐linear system of coupled partial differential equations. In this paper, several numerical techniques are evaluated with respect to their suitability for the purpose of real‐time monitoring of fluid flow in pipelines. The proposed techniques are evaluated in terms of the L₁, the L₂, and the L_∞ error norms. Moreover, the developed simulators will be compared in terms of their speed of response and settling time which are essential factors for an effective real‐time monitoring scheme. Finally, the selected simulation scheme is further tested under assumed pipeline leak conditions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The development of slugging in two-layer hydraulic flows

In this paper, we develop a hydraulic theory to describe theoccurrence and structure of slugging in a confined two-layergas–liquid flow generated by prescribed, constant, upstreamvolumetric flow rates in each layer. A linearized theory forthe uniform flow is established, after which we use bifurcationtheory to study fully non-linear periodic travelling wave structures.We find that a two-parameter family of such travelling wavesolutions exists. Under given conditions, the volumetric flowrate constraint provides a relation between these two parameters.To select a unique periodic travelling wave solution, we requirea further relation. We first investigate the conjecture thatthe periodic travelling wave solution selected in the initialvalue problem has the same wavelength as the linearly most temporallyunstable mode. To do this, we solve the initial value problemnumerically on a periodic domain. We find that the separationof the liquid slugs that form is much longer than the wavelengthof the most unstable temporal mode. We then develop a differentconjecture based on the convective instability of the long ‘tails’of the available periodic travelling wave solutions, which leadsto a better understanding of the wavelength selection process.     

基于低频吸声超构材料的复合消声器研究*

针对管道内低频噪声难以抑制的问题，本文基于亥姆霍兹共振腔（HR）阵列吸声板和穿孔管消声器组合，设计了一种复合式宽带消声器。首先利用有限元法仿真分析传统穿孔管消声器，发现中低频消声能力较差，通过嵌入HR阵列吸声板吸收中低频噪声。采用仿真与实验的方式研究吸声板的声学性能：在400-1000 Hz频段内的平均吸声系数达到了0.88。然后对复合式消声器进行数值模拟及3D打印阻抗管实验测试对比：复合式消声器在400-1718Hz频率范围内的平均传递损失为18.15 dB ，最终实现了管道内全频带噪声有效控制。