Charge Fluctuations and Ethylene‐Group‐Ordering Transition in β′′‐(BEDT‐TTF)4[(H3O)Fe(C2O4)3]⋅Y Molecular Charge‐Transfer Salts

The polarized infrared reflectance and Raman spectra of the three quasi‐two‐dimensional β′′‐(BEDT‐TTF)₄[(H₃O)Fe(C₂O₄)₃]?Y bifunctional charge‐transfer salts, where BEDT‐TTF=bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene and Y=C₆H₅Br, (C₆H₅CN)_0.17(C₆H₅Br)_0.83, (C₆H₅CN)_0.4(C₆H₅F)_0.6, have been measured as a function of the temperature. Signatures of charge inhomogenity have been found in both Raman and infrared spectra of the β′′‐(BEDT‐TTF)₄[(H₃O)Fe(C₂O₄)₃]?Y superconductors. A 100 K transition to a mixed insulating/metallic state is clearly seen for the first time in the temperature dependence of the electronic spectra of superconducting β′′‐(BEDT‐TTF)₄[(H₃O)Fe(C₂O₄)₃]?C₆H₅Br. We suggest that this phase transition is due to subtle changes in the ethylene groups ordering, which are related to a structural phase transition in the anionic layer. The infrared and Raman spectra of quasi‐two‐dimensional metal α‐′pseudo‐κ′‐(BEDT‐TTF)₄[(H₃O)Fe(C₂O₄)₃]C₆H₄Br₂ are also investigated.     

Three‐Dimensional MoS2 Hierarchical Nanoarchitectures Anchored into a Carbon Layer as Graphene Analogues with Improved Lithium Ion Storage Performance

Much attention has recently been focused on the synthesis and application of graphene analogues of layered nanomaterials owing to their better electrochemical performance than the bulk counterparts. We synthesized graphene analogue of 3D MoS₂ hierarchical nanoarchitectures through a facile hydrothermal route. The graphene‐like MoS₂ nanosheets are uniformly dispersed in an amorphous carbon matrix produced in situ by hydrothermal carbonization. The interlaminar distance between the MoS₂ nanosheets is about 1.38 nm, which is far larger than that of bulk MoS₂ (0.62 nm). Such a layered architecture is especially beneficial for the intercalation and deintercalation of Li⁺. When tested as a lithium‐storage anode material, the graphene‐like MoS₂ hierarchical nanoarchitectures exhibit high specific capacity, superior rate capability, and enhanced cycling performance. This material shows a high reversible capacity of 813.5 mAh g^?1 at a current density of 1000 mA g^?1 after 100 cycles and a specific capacity as high as 600 mAh g^?1 could be retained even at a current density of 4000 mA g^?1. The results further demonstrate that constructing 3D graphene‐like hierarchical nanoarchitectures can effectively improve the electrochemical performance of electrode materials.     

A New Layered Photocathode with Porous NiO Nanosheets: An Effective Candidate for p‐Type Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells

Herein, with the purpose of improving the efficiency of p‐type dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), a new layered photocathode (LP) is fabricated from irregular overlapping wrinkled porous NiO nanosheets. The LP was sensitized by using a commonly used dye, coumarin 343(C343), and then assembled into p‐type DSSCs through coupling with a platinum photoanode. Photoelectochemical characterization showed that the LP cell exhibited a clearly enhanced power‐conversion efficiency (by a factor of 4) compared with a cell with a NiO‐nanoparticle photocathode (NP). This excellent performance could be attributed to the overlapping layered structure, which favored hole transport, as confirmed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and to the large surface area of the porous NiO nanosheets, which were favorable for dye adsorption.     

Molecular Intercalation and Electronic Two Dimensionality in Layered Hybrid Perovskites

In layered hybrid perovskites, such as (BA)₂PbI₄ (BA=C₄H₉NH₃), electrons and holes are considered to be confined in atomically thin two dimensional (2D) Pb–I inorganic layers. These inorganic layers are electronically isolated from each other in the third dimension by the insulating organic layers. Herein we report our experimental findings that suggest the presence of electronic interaction between the inorganic layers in some parts of the single crystals. The extent of this interaction is reversibly tuned by intercalation of organic and inorganic molecules in the layered perovskite single crystals. Consequently, optical absorption and emission properties switch reversibly with intercalation. Furthermore, increasing the distance between inorganic layers by increasing the length of the organic spacer cations systematically decreases these electronic interactions. This finding that the parts of the layered hybrid perovskites are not strictly electronically 2D is critical for understanding the electronic, optical, and optoelectronic properties of these technologically important materials.     

Synthesis and Localized Photoluminescence Blinking of Lead‐Free 2D Nanostructures of Cs3Bi2I6Cl3 Perovskite

Two‐dimensional (2D) lead‐free halide perovskites have generated enormous perception in the field of optoelectronics due to their fascinating optical properties. However, an in‐depth understanding on their shape‐controlled charge‐carrier recombination dynamics is still lacking, which could be resolved by exploring the photoluminescence (PL) blinking behaviour at the single‐particle level. Herein, we demonstrate, for the first time, the synthesis of nanocrystals (NCs) and 2D nanosheets (NSs) of layered mixed halide, Cs₃Bi₂I₆Cl₃, by solution‐based method. We applied fluorescence microscopy and super‐resolution optical imaging at single‐particle level to investigate their morphology‐dependent PL properties. Narrow emission line widths and passivation of non‐radiative defects were evidenced for 2D layered nanostructures, whereas the activation of shallow trap states was recognized at 77 K. Interestingly, individual NCs were found to display temporal intermittency (blinking) in PL emission. On the other hand, NS showed temporal PL intensity fluctuations within localized domains of the crystal. In addition, super‐resolution optical image of the NS from localization‐based method showed spatial inhomogeneity of the PL intensity within perovskite crystal.     

Promoted Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Fixation in Fe-Ni Layered Double Hydroxide Arrays Coupled to Carbon Nanofibers: The Role of Phosphorus Doping

The key to bringing the electrocatalytic nitrogen fixation from conception to application lies in the development of high-efficiency, cost-effective electrocatalysts. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs), also known as hydrotalcites, are promising electrocatalysts for water splitting due to multiple metal centers and large surface areas. However, their activities in the electrocatalytic nitrogen fixation are unsatisfactory. Now, a simple and effective way of phosphorus doping is presented to regulate the charge distribution in LDHs, thus promoting the nitrogen adsorption and activation. The P-doped LDHs are further coupled to a self-supported, conductive matrix, that is, a carbon nanofibrous membrane, which prevents their aggregation as well as ensuring rapid charge transfer at the interface. By this strategy, decent ammonia yield (1.72×10⁻¹⁰ mol s⁻¹ cm⁻²) and Faradaic efficiency (23 %) are delivered at −0.5 V vs. RHE in 0.1 m Na₂SO₄.     

Two-Dimensional Perovskite Oxynitride K2LaTa2O6N with an H+/K+ Exchangeability in Aqueous Solution Forming a Stable Photocatalyst for Visible-Light H2 Evolution

Undoped layered oxynitrides have not been considered as promising H₂-evolution photocatalysts because of the low chemical stability of oxynitrides in aqueous solution. Here, we demonstrate the synthesis of a new layered perovskite oxynitride, K₂LaTa₂O₆N, as an exceptional example of a water-tolerant photocatalyst for H₂ evolution under visible light. The material underwent in-situ H⁺/K⁺ exchange in aqueous solution while keeping its visible-light-absorption capability. Protonated K₂LaTa₂O₆N, modified with an Ir cocatalyst, exhibited excellent catalytic activity toward H₂ evolution in the presence of I⁻ as an electron donor and under visible light; the activity was six times higher than Pt/ZrO₂/TaON, one of the best-performing oxynitride photocatalysts for H₂ evolution. Overall water splitting was also achieved using the Ir-loaded, protonated K₂LaTa₂O₆N in combination with Cs-modified Pt/WO₃ as an O₂ evolution photocatalyst in the presence of an I₃⁻/I⁻ shuttle redox couple.     

具有染料选择吸附性的衍生于沸石咪唑酯骨架-67的NiCo-层状双氢氧化物设计与合成

以沸石咪唑类金属有机骨架(ZIF-67)为模板合成了一种新型的中空吸附剂NiCo-LDH@ZIF-67,该吸附剂对甲基橙具有良好的选择吸附性以及可循环性。 通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线粉末衍射仪(XRD)、红外光谱、电子能谱和氮气吸附-脱附等手段对样品进行了表征。 研究了溶液的pH值、甲基橙的初始浓度以及染料与吸附剂作用时间对NiCo-LDH@ZIF-67吸附性能的影响。 结果表明,该吸附剂对甲基橙的吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型,且吸附等温线符合朗缪尔方程。 当pH值等于4, 吸附时间15 min,吸附剂用量为2400 mg/L时,该吸附剂对甲基橙的最大吸附量可达1766 mg/g,高于之前文献报道的类似吸附剂。 此外,NiCo-LDH@ZIF-67能从甲基橙和亚甲基蓝的混合溶液中选择性吸附甲基橙。     

T‐complete functions for thin and thick plates on elastic foundation

This article deals with Trefftz functional systems for thin and thick plates on one‐ and two‐parameter Winkler foundation. The T‐complete set is derived by solving the homogeneous equations of the problem. This can be done with the method of separation of variables. For each separation parameter we deal with ordinary, linear differential equations (4th order for the Kirchhoff plate and set of fourth‐ and second‐order equations for the Reissner‐Mindlin plate) so the demanded number of fundamental solutions (linearly independent) is equal to the order of equation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2005