Strength softening models of soil and its application in rainfall-induced landslidesimulation

In this study, strength softening models are developed for exploring rainfall-induced landslide mechanism based on Mohr-Coulombstrength theory with both saturation degree and temporal evolution into consideration. According tothe ratio of two time scales available, the model can be classified into three categories, i.e., instant softeningmodel, delay softeningmodel, and couplingsoftening model.Corresponding evolution functions are specified to represent these kinds of softening processes andthen applied to simulate landslide of homogeneous slopes triggered by rainfall, therefrom, usefulconclusions can be drawn in the end.     

论地质工程的基础理论

地质工程是80年代以来工程地质科学的新的生长点, 已经形成为一个工程地质学新的分支学科, 一个新的行业。地质工程的基础理论是地质控制论, 它的基本理论是地质构造控制论、岩体结构控制论、上体结构控制论、地质体赋存环境因素控制论。他们控制着地质环境(包括地壳稳定性)评价理论和方法、岩体质量评价理论和方法、工程地质探测和测试理论和技术方法、工程地质超前预报理论和方法、地质体改造理论和技术, 岩土体稳定性分析理论和方法及地质工程设计和施工指导理论。正确运用这套理论可使地质工程实践减少盲卧性, 增加自觉性, 可使地质工程实践减少20%～30%的经济损失。     

基于两类型灾害事件考虑的赈灾物资储备

赈灾物资的储备,既要符合物资的科学储存规律、又要满足物资储备的经济规律.在建立赈灾物资储备一般模型后,按照重复灾害事件和未遂灾害事件两类灾害事件的理论之说,对模型进行修改完善,分别构建未遂灾害事件的赈灾物资储备模型以及重复灾害事件的赈灾物资储备模型.通过实例分析,验证了所建模型的合理性和可行性.     

Disaster preparedness in humanitarian logistics: A collaborative approach for resource management in floods

The logistical deployment of resources to provide relief to disaster victims and the appropriate planning of these activities are critical to reduce the suffering caused. Disaster management attracts many organisations working alongside each other and sharing resources to cope with an emergency. Consequently, successful operations rely heavily on the collaboration of different organisations. Despite this, there is little research considering the appropriate management of resources from multiple organisations, and none optimising the number of actors required to avoid shortages or convergence.This research introduces a disaster preparedness system based on a combination of multi-objective optimisation and geographical information systems to aid multi-organisational decision-making. A cartographic model is used to avoid the selection of floodable facilities, informing a bi-objective optimisation model used to determine the location of emergency facilities, stock prepositioning, resource allocation and relief distribution, along with the number of actors required to perform these activities.The real conditions of the flood of 2013 in Acapulco, Mexico, provided evidence of the inability of any single organisation to cope with the situation independently. Moreover, data collected showed the unavailability of enough resources to manage a disaster of that magnitude at the time. The results highlighted that the number of government organisations deployed to handle the situation was excessive, leading to high cost without achieving the best possible level of satisfaction. The system proposed showed the potential to achieve better performance in terms of cost and level of service than the approach currently employed by the authorities.     

Analogous materials for studying spent nuclear fuel: The influence of particle size distribution on the specific surface area of irradiated nuclear fuel

Knowledge of the reactive surface that a given material presents to reactive species is one of the fundamental factors for the discussion of experimental data from the alteration of a solid at laboratory scale, or the extrapolation to different environmental conditions. The reactive surface depends on several factors such as the origin of the solid, for example, history of irradiation, the particle size distribution and the history of its reactive surface.Here we discuss the relation between the particle size distribution and the specific surface area for different uranium oxides, namely, irradiated fuel, SIMFUEL and several fresh - non-irradiated - uranium oxides. The analysis is made comparing our own data with values reported in the literature. Our analysis strongly suggests that it is necessary to establish the surface area time evolution in order to model its behaviour in different scenarios where the alteration process will happen. Moreover, this is required in both, dry and wet conditions. A first step to get this function is the determination of the particle size distribution dependence of the specific surface area.     

模糊数学方法在矿井自然地质条件评价中的应用

运用模糊数学理论，对直接制约煤矿开采与生产经济效果的矿井自然地质条件的评价原理和方法进行了一些探讨     

海啸的物理

地震海啸的产生是地球表面固体层和流体层相互作用的结果．文章介绍了这种相互作用的物理过程，讨论了海啸的大小、能量、传播速度．指出：建立早期预警系统是减少海啸灾害的重要措施，目前的预警系统虚报率很高的问题，仍需要通过加强地球表层系统相互作用的研究来解决．     

特克斯山口引水枢纽工程地质问题及处理

从特克斯山口引水枢纽工程地质条件出发，对施工中主要的工程地质问题及其工程处理措施进行了探讨。     

天山北坡乌——库公路沿线自然灾害特征及其对公路的影响

塌方和泥石流主要集中在海拔1500m以上的中山带,其每年暴发的高峰期同降水的最大期一致,暴发频率与公路两侧山坡的风化程度、碎屑含量、基岩状况及支沟状况有密切关系,热融沉陷发育在冻土区,每年4月冻土开始融化、稀如泥浆,使路面下沉翻浆,其沉陷速度在天山北坡为3.0cm/年,11月冻结,南坡为向阳坡,春季气温回升快,冻土首先沉陷;夏季温度高,季节融化层厚度大;秋季阳坡降温慢,融化层冻结慢,其危害程度取决于季节融化层的厚度,由于老公路修筑在富含冰的新冰碛垄上,原有的稳定结构被破坏,冰体融化造成公路大规模的沉陷和坍塌,公路完好率仅10％～20％。     

城市防洪减灾决策方案优化研究

城市防洪减灾决策的成功与否直接影响着将来的洪水所造成的损失大小.如何应用自然、经济和社会信息,经超前分析以确保实施某一优化方案之后所造成的损失最小是防洪减灾决策的核心问题.本文深入地分析了城市防洪减灾决策方案优化的众多影响因素,在此基础上把模糊优选神经网络模型应用到城市防洪减灾方案优化中,并建立了城市防洪减灾方案优化模型,并通过实例验证了其有效性.