Noise correlations in shear flows

We consider the effects of a shear on velocity fluctuations in a flow. The shear gives rise to a transient amplification that not only influences the amplitude of perturbations but also their time correlations. We show that, in the presence of white noise, time correlations of transversal velocity components are exponential and that correlations of the longitudinal components are exponential with an algebraic prefactor. Cross correlations between transversal and downstream components are strongly asymmetric and provide a clear indication of non-normal amplification. We suggest experimental tests of our predictions. Received 26 February 2002 / Received in final form 11 March 2003 Published online 20 June 2003 RID="a" ID="a"e-mail: bruno.eckhardt@physik.uni-marburg.de RID="b" ID="b"Also at: Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India     

冰洲石-玻璃组合平行分束偏光镜的设计研究

为了既节省稀有昂贵的冰洲石晶体材料，又实现偏振光的大剪切差输出，采用冰洲石晶体与光学玻璃组合的方法，设计了一种新型平行分束偏光镜。该棱镜的前后半块分别为ZBaF₃玻璃和冰洲石晶体，由大折射率液态胶合剂溴代萘胶合而成。实验测试表明：该棱镜透射的2束平行光的消光比，o光可达10^－5；尽管受到光学玻璃的影响，e光的消光比仍优于10^－3；透射比均与纯冰洲石晶体材料的棱镜基本相当。理论分析表明：该棱镜自身结构带来的性能影响在一定情况下完全可以忽略，因此具有较好的应用前景。     

测定圆柱体杨氏模量的原理分析

分析了测量圆柱体弯曲形变杨氏模量的实验原理,得出了理论公式,将测量拉压形变、弯曲形变的杨氏模量以及扭转形变的剪切模量3个实验中样品形状统一成圆柱体.     

Speckle interferometry methods for displacement and strain measurements using photorefractive crystal

Photorefractive crystals offer several attractive features such as high resolution and in situ processing. As the images are erasable, these crystals are suitable for read–write applications and hence find potential use in speckle photography, image processing and holography. The barium titanate (BaTiO₃) crystal as recording medium has been extensively used as a novelty filter for real-time in-plane displacement measurements employing two-beam coupling configuration. This paper presents new optical configurations in speckle shear photography to measure in-plan displacement and the strain in real time using BaTiO₃ crystal as recording medium. Speckle photography studies are made using a simple two-beam coupling configuration. In speckle shear photography, a diffused object illuminated with two parallel narrow laser beams is imaged inside the crystal, and a pump beam is added at this plane. The speckle patterns due to each beam and the pump beam produce index gratings. When the object is deformed, the speckle patterns shift consequently. We now have four speckle fields: two generated from the interaction of pump beam with the index gratings and two pertaining to deformed states directly transmitted through the crystal. Thus, the fields from respective points on the object interfere after passage through the crystal and produce the Young's fringe patterns. Due to strain, the fringes in each pattern are of different width and orientation, resulting in the generation of a Moiré pattern. The strain is obtained from the width and orientation of the fringes in the Moiré pattern. The experiments are conducted on a specimen with a notch, which is subjected to tensile loading. The in-plane displacement is measured separately in another experiment. The above studies are carried out at Nd–Yag laser.     

Selective synthesis of poly(p‐oxybenzoyl) by fractional polycondensation: Enhancement of selectivity by shearing

The influence of shear flow, especially the timing for the application of shearing, was examined to enhance the selectivity for the preparation of poly(p‐oxybenzoyl) (Pp‐OB) by using hydrodynamically induced phase separation during polymerization of 4‐(4‐acetoxybenzoyloxy)benzoic acid (p‐ABAD) and m‐acetoxybenzoic acid (m‐ABA). The polymers containing few m‐oxybenzoyl (m‐OB) moieties were obtained as precipitates even at high content of m‐OB moiety in feed (χ_f) under shear flow. The content of m‐OB moiety in the precipitates (χ_p) prepared under shearing throughout the polymerization at the shear rate (γ) of 489 s^?1 was 6.3 mol % even at χ_f of 60 mol %. Especially, the Pp‐OB was obtained as the precipitates at χ_f of less than 50 mol %. The timing of the application of the shearing influenced the selectivity significantly, and the shearing just after the precipitation of the oligomers started was quite efficient to enhance the selectivity more. The χ_p of the precipitates prepared with shearing at γ of 489 s^?1 just after the precipitation was only 3.9 mol % even at χ_f of 60 mol %. The shear flow reduced the difference in the reactivity between p‐ABAD and m‐ABA, resulting in the decrease in the selectivity with regard to the formation of p‐oxybenzoyl homo‐oligomer. However, the shear flow enhanced the difference in the miscibility between homo‐oligomers and co‐oligomers. This change in the miscibility by shear flow brought about the more rapid precipitation of homo‐oligomers, leading to the enhancement of the selectivity. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011     

Stress and strain controlled rheometry on a concentrated lyotropic lamellar phase of AOT/Water/Iso-octane

We present the results of extensive strain- and stress-controlled rheometry performed on an AOT–water–iso-octane system, which forms lamellar structures with a high density of topological defects. In spite of different time-scales, both measurement methods, strain- and stress-controlled, are shown to be controlled by the level of strain experienced by the material. In both cases, after a complex transition, an apparent steady state is reached. Whereas both apparent steady states are identical for intermediate shear rate and shear stress following a power law, these are found to differ once the lower values of applied shear rate and shear stress are considered. The origin of this difference is discussed in terms of supplied energy to the sheared sample. I. Pignot-Paintrand is affiliated with The Université Joseph Fourier and member of the Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Grenoble     

Shear Viscosity of Hot QED at Finite Chemical Potential from Kubo Formula

Within the framework of finite temperature field theory this paper discusses the shear viscosity of hot QED plasma through Kubo formula at one-loop skeleton diagram level with a finite chemical potential. The effective widths （damping rates） are introduced to regulate the pinch singularities and then gives a reliable estimation of the shear viscous coefficient. The finite chemical potential contributes positively compared to the pure temperature case. The result agrees with that from the kinetics theory qualitatively.     

Effect of shear on human insulin in zinc suspension

Human insulin in zinc suspension was used as a model protein to test the effect of shear on the settling rate of proteins, a possible inference for protein denaturation. The rate of settling was determined directly in a spectropho-tometer. Shear effects are important in retaining the activity of proteins and are present in bubble, foam, and droplet protein fractionation processes. A sim pletest, such as that conducted here, mayeven be useful for monitoring changes in protein structure caused by commercial shipping of the protein. The settling ratefor insulin was continously monitored in theoriginal bottle by spectrophotometric absorbance changes as a function of time. A settling curve was determined following each shear experiment, which included shaking the “worked” insulin solution in a vortex mixer for different lengths of time. It was determined, when comparing long shaking times with short ones, that the initial settling rate was less for the long-term shaking of the insulin samples and greater for the short-term shaking. The secondary effects of light and heat, along with shaking, a pparently did not produce differences from shaking alone.     

Phase separation induced by shear quenching in polymer blends with a diblock copolymer

The effects of adding A–B diblock copolymer to a polymer blend (A/B) on phase‐separation kinetics and morphology have been investigated in a fixed shallow‐quench condition (ΔT = 1.5 °C) by in situ time‐resolved light scattering and phase‐contrast optical microscopy. A shear‐quench technique was used in this study instead of a conventional temperature‐quench method. Mixtures of nearly monodisperse low relative‐molecular masses of polybutadiene (M_w = 2.8 kg/mol), polystyrene (M_w = 2.6 kg/mol), and a near‐symmetric butadiene–styrene diblock copolymer (M_w = 6.3 kg/mol) as an interfacial modifier were studied. We observed that the addition of the diblock copolymer could either retard or accelerate the phase‐separation kinetics depending on the concentration of the diblock copolymer in the homopolymer blends. In contrast to the conventional temperature quench, we observed complex phase‐separation kinetics in the intermediate and late stages of phase separation by the shear‐quench technique. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 39: 819–830, 2001     

复合材料迭层板弯曲分步分析法

本文提出了一种用于分析复合材料迭层板弯曲的新方法。首先利用经典理论进行初步分析,之后,据所得横向剪力,设定横向剪切应变,再进一步分析。本文方法基本未知函数少,基本方程易解,计算精度较高。