Entropy production in open volume-preserving systems

We describe a mechanism leading to positive entropy production in volume-preserving systems under nonequilibrium conditions. We consider volume-preserving systems sustaining a diffusion process like the multibaker map or the Lorentz gas. A continuous flux of particles is imposed across the system resulting in a steady gradient of concentration. In the limit where such flux boundary conditions are imposed at arbitrarily separated boundaries for a fixed gradient, the invariant measure becomes singular. For instance, in the multibaker map, the limit invariant measure has a cumulative function given in terms of the nondifferentiable Takagi function. Because of this singularity of the invariant measure, the entropy must be defined as a coarse-grained entropy instead of the fined-grained Gibbs entropy, which would require the existence of a regular measure with a density. The coarse-grained entropy production is then shown to be asymptotically positive and, moreover, given by the entropy production expected from irreversible thermodynamics.     

The multi‐stage centred‐scheme approach applied to a drift‐flux two‐phase flow model

For two‐phase flow models, upwind schemes are most often difficult do derive, and expensive to use. Centred schemes, on the other hand, are simple, but more dissipative. The recently proposed multi‐stage (MUSTA ) method is aimed at coming close to the accuracy of upwind schemes while retaining the simplicity of centred schemes. So far, the MUSTA approach has been shown to work well for the Euler equations of inviscid, compressible single‐phase flow. In this work, we explore the MUSTA scheme for a more complex system of equations: the drift‐flux model, which describes one‐dimensional two‐phase flow where the motions of the phases are strongly coupled. As the number of stages is increased, the results of the MUSTA scheme approach those of the Roe method. The good results of the MUSTA scheme are dependent on the use of a large‐enough local grid. Hence, the main benefit of the MUSTA scheme is its simplicity, rather than CPU ‐time savings. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Navier–Stokes equations in aperture domains: Global existence with bounded flux and time‐periodic solutions

We consider the Navier–Stokes equations in an aperture domain of the three‐dimensional Euclidean space. We are interested in proving the existence of regular solutions corresponding to small initial data and flux through the aperture. The flux is assumed to be smooth and bounded on (0, +∞). As a consequence, we prove the existence of a time‐periodic solution corresponding to a time‐periodic flux through the aperture. Finally, we compare our solution with a solution belonging to a wider class, showing that, if such a solution does exist, then the two solutions coincide. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stationary Discharge Sustained by Electron Thermal Conduction for Emergence of a Magnetic Flux Through an Insulator Surface

This paper considers a stationary surface discharge that arises when a magnetic flux emerges through an insulator surface (H-pushed discharge). It is assumed that the heat flux in the discharge is determined only by the electron thermal conductivity of the ionized vapor of the insulator and the Nernst effect. The main parameters of the discharge and the structure of the current layer are determined for the case of strong magnetic fields (above 0.1 MOe) and an aluminum oxide insulator.     

Anisotropy of the spatial distribution of CO molecules desorbing from tungsten

The desorption of CO from an anisotropic surface of polycrystalline tungsten after different periods of annealing has been studied. Anisotropy in the spatial distribution of CO molecules in the desorbing flux was detected at early stages of annealing. Smoothing out of the surface texture during annealing recorded by means of STM resulted in the disappearance of the spatial distribution anisotropy. The results are quantitatively explained by the model of a rough surface.⁷ Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 999–1002, June, 1994.The authors express their profound gratitude to Prof. V. I. Panov and his collaborators for making it possible to carry out measurements with a tunneling microscope and for their help.     

1.5特斯拉脉冲磁场装置的研制

本文介绍了用于控制强流相对论电子束能通量密度和均匀性的脉冲磁场装置。该装置由磁场电源、磁场线圈及电子束漂移管等组成。脉冲磁场是由储能电容器通过六个触发真空开关对线圈放电产生的。电容器总储能为180kJ,最大充电电压为10.0kV,脉冲磁场上升前沿约为8.38ms。在充电电压为7.0kV时,测得磁感应强度为1.81T。本文还对不同靶材料对磁感应强度分布的影响进行了研究,并简单介绍了主机与磁场的同步装置。脉冲磁场装置已用于闪光Ⅱ号加速器中,经过上百炮运行证明其工作比较可靠,并达到了控制电子束能通量密度和改善束均匀性的目的。     

无限大平面磁通量的规律性及其应用

对于球解高对称性静磁场，如果仅应用安培环路定理和高斯定理，在解答中会存在一些不能唯一确定的常量，为了研究确定这些常量的规律，本讨论了穿过一个无限大平面的磁通量并用得到了一个有意义的结论。     

On the Enskog-Thorne theory for a binary mixture of dissimilar rigid spheres

Thorne's method for obtaining transport coefficients in a binary rigid-sphere mixture is reexamined. First, a close look is taken at the way in which the point where the Enskog functionsx _ij are evaluated is introduced. Second, the calculation of the fluxes in the system and the transport coefficients is given. Thorne's results are found to be correct and independent of the choice of the point where the transfer plane is located. This does not hold true for the diffusion flux. It is shown that a different diffusion force is obtained for each selection and that only those diffusional effects which are of first order in the density are consistent with irreversible thermodynamics.