Volumetric properties of ethanol–water mixtures under high temperatures and pressures

The densities of ethanol and ethanol–water mixtures were measured with a vibrating tube densimeter at 25.0, 50.0 and 75.0 °C in the pressure range from 0.10 to 40.00 MPa. Densities were correlated using an empirical model. Partial molar volumes, excess molar volumes, isothermal compressibilities, cubic expansion coefficients and internal pressures were calculated from obtained densities. This study reports the dependence of densities, partial molar volumes, excess molar volumes, isothermal compressibilities, cubic expansion coefficients and internal pressures on composition, temperature and pressure.     

镀液中Ce^3＋离子对锡镀层结构缺陷和可焊性的影响

应用荧光分析法、X光电子能谱法(XPS)及正电子湮没寿命谱法(PALS)等研究了从含硫酸铈添加剂的酸性光亮锡镀液获得的锡镀层结构缺陷与可焊性的关系。结果表明,电镀时Ce与Sn不发生共沉积,Ce~(3+)的主要作用是阻化Sn~(2+)的水解和氧化使镀液稳定,因而使锡镀层纯度提高、结构致密、表层氧含量减少,有利于提高镀层的可焊性。当Ce~(3+)浓度控制在3.5g/L左右时,可使镀层结构缺陷较少,可焊性较佳,说明结构缺陷是影响锡镀层可焊性的直接原因。     

低压离子色谱法测定土壤中速效钾

通常对土壤中速效钾的测定方法所用仪器昂贵。而低压离子色谱分析仪结构简单,操作简便,速度快,灵敏度高,价格低[1]。本文通过试验,确立了低压离子色谱法测定土壤速效钾的最佳条件,对实际样品的测定结果与推荐值呈显著相关性。1　实验部分土壤经风干、研磨,过100目土壤筛,测定其水份系数[2],贮存于密闭玻璃瓶内备用。准确称取2 0000g土样于50ml烧杯内,加20ml提取剂(0 05mol/LHCl+0 0125mol/LH2SO4),摇匀,25℃提取25分钟,离心分离。连接色谱仪、记录仪、蠕动泵(图1)。自制2J 3低压离子色谱仪,量程10×10μs,蠕动泵流速10刻度,记录仪量…     

Kinetics of the surface tension of micellar solutions: Comparison of different experimental techniques

The kinetics of the surface tension of micellar solutions of nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 is measured experimentally by means of three different techniques: oscillating jet, maximum bubble pressure and inclined plate. They allow to study the micellization kinetics at various time scales (from a few milliseconds to a few seconds) in fairly large concentration region up to 50 times CMC. The experimental data are satisfactorily explained by a theoretical model accounting for the kinetics of micellization, diffusion of surfactant species and expansion of the bubble interface. By this model are computed the characteristic times of diffusion and micellization, which are of comparable magnitude (about 5 to 200 ms), and the Gibbs' elasticity. The micellization time constant corresponds to the slow relaxation process known to coincide with the disintegration of micelles. Comparing our data with other data from literature one can conclude that more realistic information for the micellization kinetics is obtained by the maximum bubble pressure and the oscillating jet method. The inclined plate seems too slow to measure the relaxation processes in micellar solutions of this surfactant.     

Synthesis of Highly Porous Organic/Inorganic Hybrids by Ambient Pressure Sol-Gel Processing

This paper reports the synthesis of highly porous organic/inorganic hybrids by a two-step acid-base catalyzed sol-gel process and ambient pressure drying. In the method organic and inorganic precursors are copolymerized so as to incorporate organic ligands into the solid network. The two-step acid-base catalyzed process was used to prevent phase segregation during the hydrolysis and co-condensation of organic and inorganic precursors. The organic ligands incorporated into the solid gel network modify the surface chemistry. Thus, the wetting angle is significantly increased so that the collapse of the gel network is greatly reduced upon the removal of pore fluid during drying. Organic/inorganic hybrids with BET surface areas above 1250 m2/g, porosities above 75% and pore sizes of 8 nm have been synthesized.     

Tetraalkylammonium bromides in methanol: Small angle neutron scattering and vapor pressure measurements

Vapor pressure measurements and small angle scattering (SANS) experiments are reported and discussed for bispiperidinium (BP) bromide and n-tetrapentylammonium bromide solutions in methanol at 25°C. The BP⁺ ion which may be considered as a tetraalkylammonium (TAA) ion with pairwise connected alkyl chains, is used for the study of the effects due to flexible TAA alkyl chains. SANS intensities are calibrated with the help of the precise osmotic coefficients from the vapor pressure measurements.     

Thermally Induced Measurement Error by a Water-Cooled Enthalpy Probe

Errors in stagnation-pressure measurement, due to a large temperature gradient at the face of a water-cooled enthalpy probe, were experimentally measured and numerically simulated. Two probes were used to measure the stagnation-pressure in a dc plasma jet; a standard water-cooled enthalpy probe and an uncooled ceramic (Thoria) probe. There was a maximum difference of 10% between the two measurements, with the water-cooled probe measuring lower pressures. Numerical simulations of plasma flow around the probe showed that the magnitude of the error depends on the thickness of the thermal boundary layer. The measurement error causes a maximum of 3% error in velocity measurements, using the Bernoulli equation. This error is no worse than other measurement errors associated with water-cooled enthalpy probe meaurements.     

Dependence of the relative retention of organic compounds on the nature and pressure of the carrier gas and on the thickness of the PEG-20M film in the capillary column

The effects of the carrier gas nature and pressure on the relative retention values of organic compounds were studied using a series of capillary columns differing in the film thickness of the polar stationary phase (PEG-20M). Relative retention depends linearly on the carrier gas pressure. This dependence becomes more pronounced in the following order of carrier gases: helium < nitrogen < carbon dioxide. The limiting relative retention at a carrier gas pressure approaching zero rather than relative retention values measured experimentally (relative retention time, Kovats retention index,etc.) is an invariant characteristic of a compound subjected to chromatography. For the carrier gases studied, the limiting retention values almost does not depend on the nature of the carrier gas used. The limiting indicating the complex absorption-adsorption nature of these parameters. Dissolution of a carrier gas in the stationary liquid phase has an effect on the relative retention. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 12, pp. 2177–2186, December, 1997.