测量爆炸火焰真温的多光谱温度计的研制——现场实验与测量精度分析

研制了可用于大型爆炸现场的、 测量爆炸火焰真温的多光谱温度计(量程为800~3 500 ℃,波长范围为0.6~1.1 μm)。测量原理进一步改进,加入亮温逼近法解决了二次测量法初值选取困难的问题,并应用此高温计在空旷场地对3 kg TNT炸药爆炸的全过程进行测量。通过实验结果的分析可知,此高温计可以测量爆炸火焰真温变化全过程,对波阵面瞬时温度与燃烧火球温度的测量均具有很好的效果。同时,分析了影响此高温计测量精度的各个因素,得出目前制约多光谱高温计测量精度提高的主要因素仍然为真温算法及标定方法的误差,这为今后研制高精度高温计明确了方向。     

水下爆炸焊接和压实

回顾了水下爆炸在军事海战和经济建设方面的应用,并且探索了水下爆炸在工业方面的发展。结合水下冲击波独特的性能,提出了水下爆炸焊接和水下冲击波压实粉末混合物2种加工方法。焊接试样显微组织中典型的波状界面表明水下冲击波对于脆性和薄片材料具有很好的焊接效果。粉末混合物在水下冲击波加载作用下能形成致密体。利用水下冲击波,在纯铜表面制备出了性能优良的弥散强化涂层。涂层内部弥散颗粒分布均匀,高硬度显示了优良的机械性能。     

内爆炸载荷作用下7A55铝合金的动态性能及断裂行为

采用圆筒爆炸实验研究了内爆炸载荷作用下7A55铝合金的动态性能,用扫描电镜和光学显微镜 对破裂样品的断口形貌、金相组织等进行了微观分析。结果表明:在本文实验条件下,7A55铝合金能够承受 360MPa的内部爆炸加载;合金的断裂方式为剪切断裂,裂缝与筒壁的径向近似成45角;靠近圆筒内侧组织 中存在剪切变形带、绝热剪切带和裂纹,沿最大剪切应力面向外扩展。     

毛细管离子色谱法测定爆炸残留物中的无机阴离子

建立了爆炸残留物中无机阴离子的毛细管离子色谱检测方法.分离柱为Dionex IonPac AS19Capillary柱,通过考察阴离子保留情况,选择以10μL·min-1流速的KOH梯度洗脱,进样量为0.4μL,对爆炸残留物中常见无机阴离子进行了分析.在上述条件下,Cl-,NO2-,ClO3-,NO3-,SO24-,SCN-,ClO4-能很好地分离,并在质量浓度为0.01～5.00μg·mL-1时与对应色谱峰面积之间的线性关系良好,检出限分别为0.36、0.46、1.25、0.92、1.06、1.61、2.65ng·mL-1,回收率为95.84%～102.40%.该方法简便、快速、准确,可用于实际样品的测定.     

Formation of double front detonations of a condensed-phase explosive with powdered aluminium

The performance characteristics of aluminised high explosive are considered by varying the aluminium (Al) mass fraction in a hybrid non-ideal detonation model. Since the time scales of the characteristic induction and combustion of high explosives and Al particles differ, the process of energy release behind the leading detonation wave front occurs over an extended period of time. Two cardinal observations are reported: a decrease in detonation velocity with an increase in Al mass fraction and a double front detonation (DFD) feature when anaerobic Al reaction occurs behind the front. In order to simulate the performance characteristics due to the varying Al mass fraction, the tetrahexamine tetranitramine (HMX) is considered as a base high explosive when formulating the multiphase conservation laws of mass, momentum, and energy exchanges between particles and HMX product gases. While experimental studies have been reported on the effect of Al mass fraction on both gas-phase and solid-phase detonations, the numerical investigations have been limited to only gas-phase detonation for the varying Al particles in the mixture. In the current study, a two-phase model is utilised for understanding the volumetric effects of Al mass fraction in condensed phase detonations. A series of unconfined and confined rate sticks are considered for characterising the performance of aluminised HMX with a maximum Al mass fraction of 50%. The simulated results are compared with the experimental data for 5–25% mass fractions, and the higher mass fraction behaviours are consistent with the experimental observations.     

Calibration of the Pseudo-Reaction-Zone model for detonation wave propagation

An approach for the calibration of an advanced programmed burn (PB) model for detonation performance calculations in high explosive systems is detailed. Programmed burn methods split the detonation performance calculation into two components: timing and energy release. For the timing, the PB model uses a Detonation Shock Dynamics (DSD) surface propagation model, where the normal surface speed is a function of local surface curvature. For the energy release calculation and subsequent hydrodynamic flow evolution, a Pseudo-Reaction-Zone (PRZ) model is used. The PRZ model is similar to a reactive burn model in that it converts reactants into products at a finite rate, but it has a reaction rate dependent on the normal surface speed derived from the DSD calculation. The PRZ reaction rate parameters must be calibrated in such a way that the rate of energy release due to reaction in multi-dimensional geometries is consistent with the timing calculation provided by the DSD model. Our strategy for achieving this is to run the PRZ model in a detonation shock-attached frame in a compliant 2D planar slab geometry in an equivalent way to a reactive burn model, from which we can generate detonation front shapes and detonation phase speed variations with slab thickness. In this case, the D _n field used by the PRZ model is then simply the normal detonation shock speed rather than the DSD surface normal speed. The PRZ rate parameters are then iterated on to match the equivalent surface front shapes and surface phase speed variations with slab thickness derived from the target DSD model. For the purposes of this paper, the target DSD model is fitted to the performance properties of an idealised condensed-phase reactive burn model, which allows us to compare the detonation structure of the calibrated PRZ model to that of the originating idealised-condensed phase model.     

薄片炸药与固体靶冲量耦合的计算模型

薄片炸药可用于模拟强脉冲X射线辐照下空间结构的响应,其与固体靶的冲量耦合作用是进行模拟载荷设计的基础。本文中基于有限元模拟技术,研究不同直径薄片炸药的边界稀疏作用和安装支座的反射作用对薄片炸药与固体靶冲量耦合的影响,结果表明:边界稀疏作用对薄片炸药的比冲量起到减弱的作用,由边界稀疏作用引起的薄片炸药比冲量的变化量和薄片炸药直径的倒数近似成线性关系;薄片炸药安装支座的反射作用对薄片炸药的比冲量起到增强的作用,由支座反射作用引起的薄片炸药比冲量的变化量和薄片炸药直径的平方近似成反比;随着薄片炸药直径的增加,薄片炸药比冲量趋于定值,边界稀疏作用和支座反射作用可以忽略;存在一个临界直径,当薄片炸药的直径为临界直径时,薄片炸药的边界稀疏作用和支座反射作用达到平衡,其比冲量大小和薄片炸药的直径为无穷大时的比冲量值相等。     

新型爆炸二极管及其机理研究

针对工业上起爆网路的早爆问题, 设计并研制了一种可控单向传爆的新型爆炸二极管, 通过一系列理论计算以及对称结构正反起爆实验, 研究了该爆炸二极管的正向稳定传爆及反向可靠隔爆机理和限制因素。结果表明:该爆炸二极管可实现正向稳定传爆, 反向可靠隔爆, 二者对应的限制因素分别为激发药药量和延期体长度。理论分析得到的激发药的极限药量和延期体的临界尺寸与实验结果较为吻合。     

一种爆炸二极管机理研究及熄爆通道尺寸对其性能的影响

依据爆炸逻辑元件的工作原理设计了一种爆炸二极管。实验研究了元件内部结构,确定了关键参数为熄爆通道的长度、隔爆序列。隔爆序列内采用激发装置、一次PETN装药、两次PETN装药不同密度分层装药序列。在A、B端连接导爆索,改变熄爆通道尺寸, 确定分层装药参数,进行传爆可靠性、隔爆安全性实验。结果表明:爆轰信号由A端正向输入时,可以顺利通过10~35 mm的熄爆通道并且可靠引爆B端导爆索,满足可靠性功能;爆轰信号由B端反向输入,在熄爆通道长度为15~35 mm时,爆轰信号在通过隔爆序列、熄爆通道时被可靠阻断无法引爆A端导爆索,满足隔爆安全性功能。最终元件选取长度为15~35 mm的熄爆通道, 确定不同密度分层装药参数作为设计标准。应用于爆破网络设计中,使爆轰波信号在网络中单向传播,增加了网络的安全性。     

基于改进匹配追踪算法的化爆地震波信号时频特征提取

通过化爆地震波信号的时频分析可以获取丰富的地下岩层信息,为进一步的化爆地震波特性研究提供支撑。本文中利用爆炸地震波信号的非平稳随机特性,提出一种改进的匹配追踪算法(matching pursuits),该方法能更有效地获取化爆地震波信号的时频信息。该算法首先对地震波信号进行Hibert变换,将其转换成复数信号,获得爆炸地震波信号瞬时频率相位参数,再进行子波分解,从而显著提高了匹配追踪算法的运算速率;用分解后的信号计算其魏格纳威利分布(Wigner Ville distribution),有效地消除了交叉干扰项的影响。将该方法用于实测地震波信号的时频分析,获得了分辨率较高的时频分布图,且运算速率大大提高。