Ambient ionisation mass spectrometry for the characterisation of polymers and polymer additives: A review

The purpose of this review is to showcase the present capabilities of ambient sampling and ionisation technologies for the analysis of polymers and polymer additives by mass spectrometry (MS) while simultaneously highlighting their advantages and limitations in a critical fashion. To qualify as an ambient ionisation technique, the method must be able to probe the surface of solid or liquid samples while operating in an open environment, allowing a variety of sample sizes, shapes, and substrate materials to be analysed. The main sections of this review will be guided by the underlying principle governing the desorption/extraction step of the analysis; liquid extraction, laser ablation, or thermal desorption, and the major component investigated, either the polymer itself or exogenous compounds (additives and contaminants) present within or on the polymer substrate. The review will conclude by summarising some of the challenges these technologies still face and possible directions that would further enhance the utility of ambient ionisation mass spectrometry as a tool for polymer analysis.     

化学链燃烧中CaSO4复合载氧体的实验研究

采用浸渍法制备CaSO4复合载氧体,在固定床上进行甲烷化学链燃烧实验研究.探讨了还原温度、CH4含量、载氧体的颗粒粒径和质量等因素对还原反应的影响.结果表明,Ni-Fe混合添加剂显著提高CaSO4载氧体的反应活性;合适的还原温度为925℃左右;CH4含量的降低和载氧体质量的增加,将抑制积炭的发生,并获得较高气体转化率;...     

离子液体添加剂[BMIM]HSO4对锌电积过程析氧反应动力学的影响

研究了1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑硫酸氢盐([BMIM]HSO₄)离子液体对锌电积过程析氧反应的影响. 研究工作借助于动电位极化, 电化学阻抗谱, 扫描电镜和X射线衍射等测试技术. 动电位极化曲线及对应的动力学参数分析表明, [BMIM]HSO₄对阳极析氧反应具有催化作用,可提高析氧反应速率常数. 电化学阻抗谱数据表明,[BMIM]HSO₄能显著降低阳极析氧电荷传递电阻,在所研究的1.85-2.10 V电位范围内添加5 mg·L^-1 [BMIM]HSO₄, 电阻值至少降低50%. 此外, 添加剂对阳极表面二次反应具有抑制作用, 其在阳极表面的吸附,阻碍了阴离子的阳极活化位点吸附过程. 电化学测试结果与长时间(120 h)阳极极化后所得阳极表面形貌和结晶取向分析结果相一致. [BMIM]HSO₄的添加能有效抑制中间产物β-PbO₂的形成,促进铅银电极表面大块且疏松多孔α-PbO₂的生成,加速阳极析氧的进行.     

链接基团对固载手性Salen Mn(m)催化不对称环氧化反应的影响

制备了二胺和二酚修饰的晶态有机聚合物-无机杂化载体低聚苯乙烯基膦酸-膦酸氢锆(LCZSPP)轴向固载手性Salen Mn(Ⅲ)催化剂,将其应用于非官能烯烃的多相不对称环氧化反应.研究了两类轴向连接基团及助催化剂在催化不对称环氧化反应中的影响.结果表明,通过二胺为链接基团固载的催化剂在加入轴向助剂(NMO)的情况下,转化...     

Effect of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) additive on phenothiazine dyes sensitized photovoltaic performance

The effects of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) in a dye solution as a co-adsorbent on the photovoltaic performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on two organic dyes containing phenothiazine and triarylamine segments (P1 and P2) were investigated.It was found that the coadsorption of CDCA can hinder the formation of dye aggregates and improve electron injection yield and thus Jsc.This has also led to a rise in photovoltage,which is attributed to the decrease of charge recombination.The DSSC based ...     

Decomposing profit inefficiency in DEA through the weighted additive model

An issue that has received little attention in the Data Envelopment Analysis literature is the decomposition of profit inefficiency by means of measures that account all sources of technical inefficiency. In this paper we introduce a new way to measure and decompose profit inefficiency through weighted additive models. All our results are derived from a new Fenchel-Mahler inequality using duality theory.     

Pd(0)/iodide salt-mediated Heck reaction of aryl nonaflates: Application to the synthesis of 2-(1-alkenyl)phenylphosphonates

Iodide salt, such as NaI, KI or n-Bu₄NI (TBAI), rather than bromide or chloride salt, was found to play a key role in the Pd(0)-catalyzed Heck reaction of aryl nonaflates and terminal alkenes. In the presence of PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂, NaI or TBAI in DMF, a class of 2-(1-alkenyl)phenylphosphonates was first synthesized via the reaction of o-phosphonylphenyl nonaflates with alkenes, the yields, regioselectivities and stereoselectivities were much dependent on the nature of the substituents. In case of the aryl nonaflates without bearing the sterically hindered phosphonyl group with the alkenes, the reactions proceeded more smoothly under the same conditions, leading to the linear products regioselectively in good to excellent yields. A rationale for this reaction is discussed.     

铝板带冷轧过程中磨损影响因素 及磨损作用机制研究

轧后铝材表面磨损量是影响铝材轧制过程的重要因素,脱落的铝粉恶化产品表面质量、影响轧制效率。本文选用不同的添加剂配制轧制油,对铝板材进行冷轧试验,重点研究添加剂种类、铝材原始表面质量、轧制压下率三方面对铝材表面磨损性能及磨损机制的影响。结果表明：双组分添加剂轧制油中油性剂在金属表面吸附成膜,犁削磨损现象较无润滑和纯基础油轧制有明显改善,轧后铝材表面磨损量小;轧件轧前表面粗糙度大,轧辊对轧件微凸体的碾压作用加剧,被碾压下来的大量铝粉成为轧辊和轧件外的“第三体”,造成磨粒磨损加剧;化学磨损和犁削磨损同时存在于轧制过程中,油膜厚度较大时,前者是主要磨损机制;反之,后者起主导作用。     

天然矿物微粉润滑添加剂对钢摩擦副的自修复效应

通过超细研磨的方法制备了1种复合矿物微粉,采用RFT-Ⅲ型往复摩擦试验机评价了其作为润滑油添加剂对钢摩擦副的自修复效应,借助扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量色散谱仪(EDS)及纳米压痕仪(Nano indenter)对磨损表面及截面进行了表征,探讨了其减摩抗磨机理。结果表明：矿物微粉作为润滑油添加剂具有良好的减摩抗磨及自修复性能。其摩擦系数较基础油降低约55.1%,上下试样的磨损率相应地降低了85.7%和97.6%。添加剂与摩擦表面发生了复杂的理化作用,诱发形成了较为连续均匀的多孔氧化膜自修复层,其表面较为光滑平整,厚度约为0.72 um,主要由Fe、C和O元素构成,具有较高的微观力学性能,有效地降低了摩擦副的摩擦磨损。     

基于加性四元数误差方程的惯性/天文姿态组合算法

针对采用旋转四元数误差进行的组合导航误差建模中状态方程的非线性化问题,提出一种新的惯性/天文组合姿态组合算法,以姿态加性四元数误差和陀螺漂移为状态变量,推导系统线性化状态方程,并以天文导航和惯导姿态四元数之差为量测量,建立系统量测方程,然后利用卡尔曼滤波实现对该组合模式的信息融合,仿真分析表明,所设计的基于姿态四元数误差和陀螺漂移的组合模式能够有效估计系统状态误差,姿态误差0.02°左右,验证了其有效性,可避免较为复杂的非线性滤波器的使用,为工程实践提供了理论支持.