Determination of the best carrier frequency based on the system and environmental parameters in underwater acoustic systems

One of the most challenging features of underwater acoustic (UWA) channel in comparison with its terrestrial radio frequency counterpart is highly frequency-dependent path loss. Thus, utilizing efficient carrier frequencies in UWA systems can considerably reduce the path loss. In this context, this paper presents an approximate formula for determining the best carrier frequency based on both the system and environmental parameters. To achieve this goal, this research first addresses a simple algorithm including general steps for tuning the parameters of Francois and Garrison (FG) formula in the frequency range of 10 to 100 kHz based on the appropriate experimental data which can be acquired from any interest region. Second, for a more accurate modeling of path loss, this paper considers the loss due to the reflections of sound from both the rough surface and bottom of the sea by employing the ray theory. Third, this study presents a general algorithm for modification of the power spectral density (PSD) of ambient noise based on Wenz formula in the frequency range of 10 to 100 kHz and the required experimental measurements which can be simply collected from any interest channel. Moreover, it is mathematically demonstrated that the ambient noise in the frequency range of 10 to 100 kHz, can be generally approximated with a strict sense stationary (SSS) colored normal stochastic process which is ergodic not only in mean and covariance but also in distribution. Finally, an approximate formula for the best carrier frequency is derived by maximizing the sound to noise intensity ratio (SNR). To verify the validity of simplifications and approximations utilized in this study and to assess the performance of our proposed algorithms and formulas, experimental results obtained in the Strait of Hormuz (SoH) are compared with the original, simplified, and modified models under different scenarios.     

MIMO-OFDM underwater acoustic communication systems—A review

The ever increasing demand for bandwidth, efficiency, spatial diversity and performance of underwater acoustic (UWA) communication has opened doors for the use of Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO). A combination of MIMO and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has proved to be a promising solution for many scenarios in UWA communication; on the contrary, it also amplifies the design challenges for implementing such schemes to acquire the required bandwidth efficiency. The goal of this study is to provide a comprehensive survey of the latest researches in the field of UWA MIMO-OFDM communication. The previous works are summarized, reviewed and compared according to their years of publication while problems faced by UWA MIMO-OFDM communication are highlighted. The articles are classified according to the focused techniques like channel estimation, equalization, coding and detection. Furthermore the works are compared based on the complexity and performance of the algorithms while some future research issues are identified.     

Investigation of the resonance‐assisted hydrogen bond in model β‐diketones through localized molecular orbital analysis of the spin–spin coupling constants related to the O–H · · · O hydrogen bond

The resonance‐assisted hydrogen bond (HB) phenomenon has been studied theoretically by a localized molecular orbital (LMO) decomposition of the spin–spin coupling constants between atoms either involved or close to the O–H · · · O system of some β‐diketones and their saturated counterparts. The analysis, carried out at the level of the second‐order polarization propagator approximation, shows that the contributions in terms of LMO to the paramagnetic spin orbital and the spin dipolar Ramsey terms proof the importance of the delocalized π‐electron structure supporting the idea of the existence of the resonance‐assisted HB phenomenon phenomenon. The LMO contributions to the Fermi contact term indicate mainly the presence of the HB that may or not be linked to the π‐electrons. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cavitation based cleaner technologies for biodiesel production and processing of hydrocarbon streams: A perspective on key fundamentals,missing process data and economic feasibility – A review

The present review emphasizes the role of hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) and acoustic cavitation in clean and green technologies for selected fuels (of hydrocarbon origins such as gasoline, naphtha, diesel, heavy oil, and crude oil) processing applications including biodiesel production. Herein, the role of cavitation reactors, their geometrical parameters, physicochemical properties of liquid media, liquid oxidants, catalyst loading, reactive oxygen species, and different types of emulsification and formation of radicals, formation as well as extraction of formed by-products are systematically reviewed. Among all types of HC reactors, vortex diode and single hole orifices revealed more than 95 % desulfurization yield and a 20 % viscosity reduction in heavy oil upgrading, while multi-hole orifice (100 holes) and slit Venturi allowed obtaining the best biodiesel production processes in terms of high (%) yield, low cost of treatment, and short processing time (5 min; 99 % biodiesel; 4.80 USD/m³). On the other hand, the acoustic cavitation devices are likely to be the most effective in biodiesel production based on ultrasonic bath (90 min; 95 %; 6.7 $/m³) and desulfurization treatment based on ultrasonic transducers (15 min; 98.3 % desulfurization; 10.8 $/m³). The implementation of HC-based processes reveals to be the most cost-effective method over acoustic cavitation-based devices. Finally, by reviewing the ongoing applications and development works, the limitations and challenges for further research are addressed emphasizing the cleaner production and guidelines for future scientists to assure obtaining comprehensive data useful for the research community.     

Prediction of noise inside an acoustic cavity of elongated shape using statistical energy analyses with spatial decay consideration

In this paper, Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) is used to predict the interior noise of an acoustic cavity of elongated shape. The disadvantage of the conventional SEA method, which quantifies the response in terms of the energy averaged over each subsystem, is overcome by introducing a one-dimensional spatial decay relation, through which information about the acoustic energy variation in the elongated direction is taken into account. The modified SEA is experimentally validated using a 1:5 scaled space station prototype, having the longitudinal dimension much larger than the cross-sectional dimension. It is also compared with a model reported in the literature. It is shown that, in the region where the acoustic pressure level decays at a constant rate, the two models agree well with each other and are capable of estimating the acoustic pressure variation along the space station cabin. However, near the end walls where the decay rate of the acoustic pressure level is not constant, the proposed model provides better accuracy.     

弛豫铁电0.24PIN-0.47PMN-0.29PT单晶声表面波性能研究

随着信息技术的迅速发展,对声表面波器件的要求也进一步提高。为寻找性能更加优异的声表面波器件基底材料,本文利用分波解法对室温下[001]_c及[011]_c极化弛豫铁电0.24PIN-0.47PMN-0.29PT单晶的声表面波性能进行研究。利用[001]_c及[011]_c极化弛豫铁电0.24PIN-0.47PMN-0.29PT单晶的弹性、压电及介电性能参数,通过求解克里斯托弗方程计算了晶体声表面波相速度、机电耦合系数及能流角随传播角度的变换关系。结果表明,沿[011]_c方向极化的0.24PIN-0.47PMN-0.29PT单晶声表面波性能要优于沿[001]_c极化的单晶。[011]_c极化0.24PIN-0.47PMN-0.29PT单晶的声表面波机电耦合系数显著高于沿[001]_c极化单晶。同时沿[011]_c极化0.24PIN-0.47PMN-0.29PT单晶的声表面波能流角的最大值也明显小于[001]_c极化单晶。因此,沿[011]_c方向极化的0.24PIN-0.47PMN-0.29PT单晶兼具优异的声表面波性能及温度稳定性,更适合于实际应用。     

Inter-cation interaction in partial dynamic structure factors S ξη(k,ω) and electrical properties of molten AgI–RbI system

Phonon propagation in molten RbAg₄I₅ is discussed based on the partial dynamic structure factors S _ξη( k ,ω), which are obtaisned by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation using pair potentials considering the effect of polarisability of ions. The longitudinal acoustic (LA) and transverse acoustic (TA) modes have been observed in molten RbAg₄I₅, which are found to be propagated mainly by the different ions: LA mode by I ions and TA mode by Ag ions. The origin of the TA phonon mode is attributed to the cation–cation interaction. The electrical properties, the electron density of states, the band structure, etc., are also examined by ab initio calculation. The hybridisation of electronic states between ions is enhanced by the existence of Rb ion.     

Surface acoustic waves and elastic constants of InN epilayers determined by Brillouin scattering

The surface acoustic wave velocity in InN has been experimentally determined by means of Brillouin scattering experiments on c ‐ and m ‐face epilayers. From simulations based on the Green's function formalism we determine the shear elastic constants c₆₆ and c₄₄ and propose a complete set of elastic constants for wurtzite InN. The analysis of the sagittal and azimuthal dependence of the surface acoustic wave velocity indicates a slightly different elastic behavior of the m ‐face sample that basically affects the c₄₄ elastic constant. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

一维固-液型随机失谐声子晶体中波的传播

本文研究了声波在一维固-液型随机失谐声子晶体中的传播,引进局部化因子的概念研究了结构的带隙特性和局部化特征.给出了局部化因子的计算表达式并用传递矩阵法进行了计算,考查了平面波以任意角度入射的情形.结果表明:失谐度对高频区的频带结构有较大的影响,固-液型声子晶体与固-固型声子晶体的频带结构有很大差别.     

Analytical extension of Finite Element solution for computing the nonlinear far field of ultrasonic waves scattered by a closed crack

Nonlinear scattering of ultrasonic waves by closed cracks subject to contact acoustic nonlinearity (CAN) is determined using a 2D Finite Element (FE) coupled with an analytical approach. The FE model, which includes unilateral contact with Coulomb friction to account for contact between crack faces, provides the near-field solution for the interaction between in-plane elastic waves and a crack of different orientations. The numerical solution is then analytically extended in the far-field based on a frequency domain near-to-far field transformation technique, yielding directivity patterns for all linear and nonlinear components of the scattered waves. The proposed method is demonstrated by application to two nonlinear acoustic problems in the case of tone-burst excitations: first, the scattering of higher harmonics resulting from the interaction with a closed crack of various orientations, and second, the scattering of the longitudinal wave resulting from the nonlinear interaction between two shear waves and a closed crack. The analysis of the directivity patterns enables us to identify the characteristics of the nonlinear scattering from a closed crack, which provides essential understanding in order to optimize and apply nonlinear acoustic NDT methods.