Growth parameters and shape specific synthesis of silicon nanowires by the VLS method

In this paper the effect of varying temperature, pressure and chemical precursors on the vapour–liquid–solid (VLS) growth of silicon nanowires (Si NWs) have been investigated. Some aspects of nucleation and growth mechanisms are discussed. Control on Si NW morphology by varying the choice of gaseous precursor (silane or dichlorosilane) at elevated temperatures is reported.     

Non-linear Evolution of P-waves in Viscous–Elastic Granular Saturated Media

The Frenkel–Biot P-wave of the first type is a seismic longitudinal wave observed in rocks fully saturated with oil, water or high-pressure gas. The P-wave of the second type is observed in unsaturated soils and other porous media saturated with gas of low pressure. Their models include properties of the skeleton, that is, its elastic modules and its own viscosity. If the non-linear terms are accounted for, the asymptotic analysis, usual for weak non-linear waves, might be applied to get the wave spectrum evolution. The wetness of grains contacts in soils and such components of oil as tars or bitumen, which attached to the skeleton, can be described by generalized viscous–elastic stress–strain connections. The latter are nominated in such a way that creates the narrow frequency interval of wave of negative dissipation where the non-linear terms begin to play the main role besides the neutral stability for waves of zero wave number. The corresponding case, relevant to single continuum model, was analyzed in the literature. Here it is shown that the interpenetrating continua with interaction of the Darcy type provide the dissipation sink in the wave evolution equation. This generalization, (Tribelsky, M.I.: Phys. Rev. Lett. (2007, submitted)), can stabilize the asymptotic solution of the evolution equation, where the dispersion terms are omitted. The asymptotic solution of the equation is invariant to initial conditions and it means a transformation of initial wave spectra to unique one while wave is spreading in the viscous–elastic medium under consideration. This explains the phenomenon, observed in wave tests at marine beach, when any dynamics action (impact, explosion, and ultrasound action) created at some distance a wave of a single frequency (~25 Hz).     

岩石隧道围岩变形时空效应分析

岩石隧道围岩变形具有时空效应特征。根据围岩变形速率,岩石隧道围岩变形一般可划分为3个阶段,即急剧变形阶段、稳定变形阶段和流变阶段。通过总结分析围岩变形3阶段的特点,结合中梁山隧道D-5H量测剖面的实测数据,对围岩变形的空间效应和时间效应进行了分析。空间效应集中发生在急剧变形段,空间效应段主要靠围岩自身以及初次支护克服围岩发生破坏变形,时间效应则主要体现在流变段。以华蓥山隧道等76个隧道实例为统计样本,分别对围岩变形时空效应与围岩类别和塌方事故的关系进行了相关性分析。结果表明:80％以上的塌方发生于急剧变形段,13％发生在稳定变形段,只有7％左右的塌方发生在流变段。其中Ⅳ类和Ⅴ类围岩在3个阶段都可能发生塌方,Ⅲ类围岩则很少在流变段发生塌方。Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类围岩则基本不会发生较大规模的塌方。对深入了解隧道围岩的变形规律,为隧道灾害防治、选择恰当的支护时机和支护方式很有意义。     

Determination of uranium contents in rock samples from Kakul phosphate deposit, Abbotabad (Pakistan), using fission-track technique

Some times high uranium contents are present in the phosphate rocks used for the manufacturing of fertilizer. In view of the harmful effects on human health due to the processing and use of such fertilizers in agriculture, it is important to analyse phosphate rocks for uranium content determination. Ten representative rock samples from Kakul phosphate deposit exposed near Abbotabad, Pakistan which are used for the manufacturing of fertilizers were studied for uranium content determination with the help of fission track and neutron activation analysis techniques. Each sample was split into three parts. The first and second parts (solid slabs and pellets) were subjected to fission track analysis, while the third part was analysed using neutron activation analysis technique for comparison. On the average a uranium content of 37 ppm was found in the phosphate rocks. The results of uranium content determinations with the help of fission track and neutron activation analysis techniques show a remarked resemblance up to ±0.1%. This indicates that the fission track analysis technique of uranium content determination is a reliable method inspite of its simplicity. The uranium content in the Kakul deposits is within the permissible limit allowed for the mining and processing of the phosphate rocks for the manufacturing of fertilizers.     

Untersuchungen an syenitoiden und gabbroiden Gesteinen mittels Mößbauer-Spektroskopie und Neutronenaktivierungsanalyse

The study of trace element distribution in minerals from basic and intermediate igneous rocks is actually important, esp. in connection with tectonic and magmatic processes. We can find some information about metallogenetic aspects by means of combination of ⁵⁷Fe Moessbauer spectrometric investigation and trace clement geochemistry, esp. the method of instrumental neutron activation analysis.     

Dynamic bulk and shear moduli due to grain-scale local fluid flow in fluid-saturated cracked poroelastic rocks: Theoretical model

Grain-scale local fluid flow is an important loss mechanism for attenuating waves in cracked fluid-saturated poroelastic rocks. In this study, a dynamic elastic modulus model is developed to quantify local flow effect on wave attenuation and velocity dispersion in porous isotropic rocks. The Eshelby transform technique, inclusion-based effective medium model (the Mori–Tanaka scheme), fluid dynamics and mass conservation principle are combined to analyze pore-fluid pressure relaxation and its influences on overall elastic properties. The derivation gives fully analytic, frequency-dependent effective bulk and shear moduli of a fluid-saturated porous rock. It is shown that the derived bulk and shear moduli rigorously satisfy the Biot-Gassmann relationship of poroelasticity in the low-frequency limit, while they are consistent with isolated-pore effective medium theory in the high-frequency limit. In particular, a simplified model is proposed to quantify the squirt-flow dispersion for frequencies lower than stiff-pore relaxation frequency. The main advantage of the proposed model over previous models is its ability to predict the dispersion due to squirt flow between pores and cracks with distributed aspect ratio instead of flow in a simply conceptual double-porosity structure. Independent input parameters include pore aspect ratio distribution, fluid bulk modulus and viscosity, and bulk and shear moduli of the solid grain. Physical assumptions made in this model include (1) pores are inter-connected and (2) crack thickness is smaller than the viscous skin depth. This study is restricted to linear elastic, well-consolidated granular rocks.     

First Data on 10Be in Recent Volcanics of the Kurile-Kamchatka Island Arc System in Relation to Sediment Subduction

Concentrations of ¹⁰ Be were measured in 23 lava samples representing historically and ¹⁴C dated eruptions of major Kurile and Kamchatka volcanoes. We report 2.2–7.9 · 10⁶ at/g of ¹⁰Be for Kuriles and in most cases less than 1.2 · 10⁶ at/g for Kamchatka. Thus Kurile segment of the Kurile-Kamchatka arc system features the same isotopic pattern as the Aleutians and some continental arcs like Central America and the Andes. The obtained results confirm previously drawn conclusion that the scale of sediment incorporation in Kurile magmas is not large thought the process itself is quite real.     

Kurze Originalmitteilungen Ein Ausfschlußverfahren für die massenspektrometrische Isotopenanalyse am stickstoff aus in Gesteinen okkludierten Gasen

Möglichkeiten des Einsatzes von Radiotracermethoden bei der Optimierung analytischer Verfahren zur quantitativen Bestimmung des Pflanzenschutzmittels Dimethoat werden am Beispiel der Überprüfung eines Extraktionstrennungsgangs bei der titrimetrischen Dimethoatbestimmung aufgezeigt.

Zur Gehaltsbestimmung von Wirkstoffproben unterschiedlicher Herkunft wird ein auf dem Prinzip der Isotopenverdünnungs-analyse beruhendes Verfahren entwickelt und vorgestellt, das bei einfacher Durchführbarkeit und guter Reproduzierbarkeit der erhaltenen Ergebnisse u. a. als Schiedsverfahren bei Analysevergleichen empfohlen werden kann.     

基于突变理论深埋硬岩隧道的失稳分析

在分析隧道开挖引起围岩扰动和损伤的基础上,运用突变理论探讨了深埋硬岩隧道失稳的机理;基于势能原理,建立了深埋硬岩隧道失稳的尖点突变模型,导出了失稳的力学判据条件。结果表明:深埋硬岩隧道的失稳不仅受岩体特性及所受载荷的影响,而且与围岩中弹性区刚度和塑性区刚度的比值有关;开挖过程中,围岩受扰动和损伤程度越大,岩体完整性系数越小,力学参数指标弱化程度越高,塑性区范围越大,刚度比越小,围岩系统发生失稳的可能性就越大。工程实例分析表明,分析结果与实际经验基本一致;研究成果可为预防隧道失稳、采取合理的施工工艺和支护措施提供参考依据。     

十三陵抽水蓄能电站地下厂房位置的选择

十三陵抽水蓄能电站是以地下厂房为中心的大型水电工程。厂房位置的选取不论是在施工条件上,还是经济造价上,都是该工程最重要的问题之一。本文从厂房选取控制性因素厂区断裂特征的分析入手,依据各种物理力学指标对厂区洞室围岩进行了分类,同时分析评价了各种地质条件下的洞室围岩稳定性。最后对厂房3种布置方案的工程地质条件进行了分析对比,得出第三方案是本工程地下厂房最佳位置的结论。